
Qass- 
Book. 



2^ 



^ r 6 

I 



In and About Vicksburg. 



AN ILLUSTRATED GUIDE BOOK TO THE CITY OF 



VICKSBURG, MISSISSIPPI. 



Its History: Its Appearance: Its Business Houses. 



TO WHICH IS ADDED 

A DESCRIPTION OF THE RESOURCES AND PROGRESS OF THE 

STATE OF MISSISSIPPI, AS AN INVITING FIELD 

FOR IMMIGRATION AND CAPITAL. 



Efi / 



THE OIBRALTAR PUBLISHINa CO. 

VICKSBURG, MISS. 

1800. 



HBEXED 







Copyright i8go, Gibraltar Publishing Co. 



Compiled and arranged by the United Service Publishing Co. 
of New York and Washington. 



The Mackenzie Press, 

Wal bridge & Co., 

17 to 27 Vandevvater St. 



I 



.-t^CItI 



'-■tsmamnkmsasatt-ii 





mAm)m®wT 



BY THE UNITED SERVICE PUBLISHING CO 
OF V«/ASHINGTON and NEW YORK, 



RE F-JE RENCE S : 



i.Couri. Houie. 
zCilyHall. ■ 
Z.PubUc School. 
^.Col.Pub School. 
^.Chnst Churcfi. 
k.St Mary Col Church 
1. County J a it. 
8. Je.vii&h Synagogue.. 
9 Convtnt 
\o.BBLtialL 
u MtihodUi Church 



iz.TrLnliy Church.- 23. 
13. PresbyterLon Church. 24 
i/^Bapiid Church. 25 
^l^.St.PauisChurch. 26. 
l6.Governmeni Building.z^. 
iy.Viclcsburg Bank. iS 
18.1^ National Bank. 29, 
l^ Cotton Exchange . 30. 
zoL NO.sJ.R.RDe.poi. 31. 
21 let ructory. 32 

Z7..MuttLncjty Mills. 33 



LL&vator. 
Spengltr Milts 
Compress Co. 
VicM. Pass. Depot 
V&M.Pretght Depot. 
Vl^M. Round House. 
LMO.iT.RM.fJoundHoi^e 
Ryan's Mills ■ 
PaxtonSaw Mill 
y.l M. Transfer Incline . 
Wharf Landing.' 



JIOiriOJtryiL h 



CEMETERY C 



^£^gvv^^>:iWyfC^an.l,^»n^i^^ o^ Mar.haLLcnd Cor^':> 



CONTENTS. 



PART I. 

Page. 
Early History 13—42 



PART II. 

Story of the Siege 42 — 69 

" Vicksburg,"— A Ballad 72 

Organization of the Union Forces at Vicksburg 74^89 

Organization of the Confederate Forces at Vicksburg 91 — 96 



PART III. 

Description of the City of to-day 97 — '°° 

Educational 109— 112 

The City Government ''5 

Health — Manufactures -Vicksburg Hotel— Commercial 124—129 

Churches I33— 'S' 



PART IV. 

Silhouettes — A Child's Memories of the War 154—176 

(By Margaret Hunt-Brisbane.) 

PART V. 

A Famous Mississippian, 179— Louis Hoffman, 180— Hon. J. F. Baum, 
181— Hon. R. F. Beck, 182— Lee Richardson, Jr , 185 -Col. 
Chas. Peine, 186 — ^John Alex. Klein, 189-C0I. E. Cordwent, 
189— Col. F. L. Maxwell, 190 — F. Marshall Miller, 190 — 
Hy. Marx, 193— F. A. Marshall, 194 — Lee Richardson &Co. 196 

Vicksburg Liquor and Tobacco Company 199 

A Southern Beauty 200 



CONTENTS. 



PART VI. 

'• Tlic Bivouac of the Dead," 203 

A Poem by T. O' liana, of Kentucky. 

The National Cemetery 204 

" Tlu' Blue and the dray," 212 

A Poem by T. M. Finch. 

PART VII. 

The State of Mississippi — Its Resources and Progress — An inviting 

held for Immigration and Capital 214 — 256 

Mow to get to Vicksburg and How far it is 259—260 

Blue and Gray Association 263 

*' General Ulysses S. Grant," 265 

A Poem by J. M. Gibson. 

Some Louisiana Lands 266 



LLUSTRATIONS. 



FRONTISPIECE. Page. 

Vicksburg from the River 12 

Portrait of Hon. R. F. Beck 16 

Residence Hon. R. F. Beck 21 

The Levee 25 

Major Lee Richardson, Jr 30 

Vick of Vicksburg 31 

The Bodley Monument 34 

Residence Lee Richardson Esq 35 

A Southern Beauty 40 

Gen. U. S. Grant 44 

Nooks and Corners National Cemetery 49 

Gen. Jno. C. Pemberton 51 

View in National Cemetery 53 

Gen. W. T. Sherman .' 55 

Gen. Jno. A. Logan 56 

Chinaberry Ave., National Cemetery 58 

Col. Lockett 59 

Admiral Porter 60 

Terrace Drive, National Cemetery 63 

Terrace Drive, National Cemetery 68 

Rose Avenue, National Cemetery 72 

Drive, National Cemetery 77 

Scene in National Cemetery 81 

Crawford Street Looking East 94 

Cherry Street Looking South 99 

South Street Looking East 104 

The Court House 108 

St. Aloysius Commercial College 113 

The Public Buildings 1 17 

New Vicksburg Hotel 122 

Tunnel, V. & M. Railway 124 

The Cotton Exchange 127 

Street Scene, Cotton Season 132 



II.LUSTRAIIONS. 

Page. 

Rfv. R. ¥. Jones 134 

Picshytciiaii Church 136 

Mcthcxli^t Cluirch 136 

St. Francis Xavier's Convent and Academy 136 

Rev. Henry Sansom 138 

Rev. Newell Logan 140 

Baptist Church 141 

Main Street Public School 141 

B. B. Literary Club 141 

Rev. R. A. Cohron 144 

Church of the Holy Trinity 145 

Rev. H. A. Pickerit 148 

St. Paul's Cluirch, Roman Catholic 150 

Rev. Dr. H. M. Bien 152 

Christ Church 153 

Jewish Synagogue, " Anche Chesed " 155 

A Vicksburg Wood Merchant 160 

Cascade Mint, Bayou 164 

The Old House on the Hill 169 

Author of the Silhouettes 173 

Louis Hoffman 178 

Hon. J. F. Baum 183 

Residence ot John A. tvlem and Portrait 188 

Col. E. Cordwent 192 

T. A. Marshall 194 

Col. Chas. Peine 197 

Entrance to National Cemetery 201 

Gun Monument, Cemetery 206 

Officers Corner, Mound E., Cemetery 211 

Col. F. L. Maxwell 216 

U. S. Snag Boat, John R. Meigs 220 

Henry Marx, Portrait 225 

Cotton Picking Scene 229 

J. J. Hayes 234 

" Water-Millions " 239 

Col. W. J. Lovell 244 

Hon. John Walsh. 248 

T. Marshall Miller 253 

Office Delta Trust & Banking Co 257 

G. G. Pcgram 262 

Hon. J. M. Gibson 267 

View in Speed's Addition 272 



PREFACE. 



THE publishers offer no apology for the issuing of this little 
book. Its design is threefold. It presents to our residents 
a faithful, if discursive, historical sketch of our beautiful town, 
and thus preserves to our children a narrative of Vicksburg for the 
first half century of her existence. It offers to our visitors, whose 
numbers are annually increasing, and who will be with us by 
thousands during the coming Reunion of the Blue and Gray, a 
Guide that will enable them to learn all about us while here, and 
that they may preserve as a Souvenir of their visit. It, more than 
all, by its description of our business houses, of the resources and 
possibilities of the surrounding country, its amazing fertility, its 
means of access by rail and water, will show to the outer world the 
advantages we offer to the immigration of both capital and labor. 
It will be circulated by thousands of copies in the great cities of the 
North, East and West, and thereby our city and people will be 
brought to the notice of the myriads who are always looking for 
congenial homes, and to the millions of capital always seeking safe 
and remunerative investments. 

But it is not our intention to look upon the issuance of this book 
as the completion of our labors. In fact, we regard it as but the 
beginning of its mission. The excellence of its illustrations and 
typography will indicate that no expense has been spared to render 
it a credit to both publishers and public. The first number, how- 
ever, has been somewhat hurriedly compiled, and several projected 
features reluctantly omitted. These will be supplied in another 
edition, and the work brought up to date. 

To the many friends who have afforded us valuable assistance in 
the furnishing of historical, social and commercial data, without 
which our intentions would have been in vain, we desire to return 
our grateful thanks. To name them would be invidious. The 
necessities of the work have required us to call frequently upon our 
friends for needed information, to supply missing links in the nar- 
ration, or to describe events and conditions that have never before 
been recorded, and in every instance the cordiality of their response 
has been prompt and measureless. We trust that the successful 
issue of this work may afford them the same satisfaction as it does 

THE PUBLISHERS, 
Vicksburg, Miss., January i, 1890. 



IN AND ABOUT VICKSBURG, 



I. 




w 



'HEN, in 1537, Alvar Nunez 
and his companions returned to ' 
Lisbon after ten years of wan- 
derings in the new lands of the set- 
ting sun, they declared that Florida 
was beyond all question the richest 
country in the world; teeming in gold 
and silver, in foliage and floral luxu- 
riance beyond description, and pos- 
sessing a climate the most delightful 
under the sun. From that moment 
to the present, the section of terri- 
tory lying between the Florida coast 
and the Mississippi River, the Cum- 
berland Mountains and the Gulf of 
Mexico, drained by the Alabama, 
the Tombigbee, the Pearl and Yazoo, and fanned by the mild 
zephyrs wafted from the Gulf Stream, has been ever a land of 
romance, of natural luxury and abundance. Throughout this vast 
section there roamed and ruled a race of aborigines, fierce and im- 
placable in war, industrious and hospitable in peace. Populous vil- 
lages and extepsive cultivated fields, defended by strong fortresses 
and barricades, stretched from Appalache to the Chickasaw bluffs. 
Great warriors such as Tuscalusa, whose body guard numbered a 
thousand men: Vitachues with his ten thousand mounted warriors; 
Acuera, the most warlike cacique ever seen by De Soto, ruled over 
vast savage tribes whose numbers can scarcely be estimated. But to 
the adventurous knight, and the soldier of fortune, fired by the won- 
drous discoveries of Columbus, Vespucci, and de la Vega and their 
tales of unbounded regions of wealth locked up in unexplored 
wildernesses, there were believed to exist in the region north of the 
Mexican gulf great and powerful empires, far more wealthy than 
those of Mexico and Peru. Though this delusion was not cured 
by two hundred years of subsequent disaster and disappointment, 
the interim was filled by a record of extortion, suffering, and cruelty 
that almost beggars description. 



14 In ANT) ABOIT VlCKSmRG. 

"All the way from Cairo to New Orleans," says Badeau, "the 
Mississippi incanders through a vast alluvial rcLnon, the whole of 
which is annually overlloweti, except where levees have aftorded a 
partial barrier. This great basin is nearly fifty miles in width, arvd 
extends on the east to the upland plains of Tennessee and Missis- 
sippi, while on the west it is bounded by the lesser elevations of drift 
alone. The bluffs that form the escarpment of the eastern plains 
are usually quite steep, and thickly overgrown with timber, under- 
brush, and vines. At various points in its course the river touches 
one extremity or the other of the bottom land, washing the base ol 
the blulTs, and often cutting deep into the soft strata. Columbus, 
Memphis. Helena, Vicksburg, Grand Gulf, and Port Hudson are 
[)oints of this kind, and rise from 80 to 200 feet above the freshets. 
The alluvial region throughout its entire extent is higher near the 
banks of the river, and falls off gradually till it reaches the line of 
the bluffs; the drainage is therefore toward the hills, and is the 
source of the intricate net-work of bayous for which the basin is re- 
markable. The Cold-water, the Tallahatchee, the Yazoo, the Wa- 
shita, the Red and the Atchafalaya Rivers, besides numerous other 
and smaller streams, are accordingly nothing more than huge side- 
drains. During freshets, the water that breaks over the Mississippi 
banks, or through the crevasses, flows through cypress swamps and 
a labyrinth of bayous till it reaches the bluffs and is again forced 
back into the parent stream. Besides the bayous, crescent-shaped 
lakes, the sole remains of the ancient meanderings of the river, 
abound on both sides, often at considerable distance from the 
present channel. Throughout this region, the forests are extremely 
luxuriant and dense; Cottonwood, tulip, sweet-gum, magnolia, syc- 
amore and ash, with an almost impenetrable jungle of cane and 
vine. ******* Winding through this abnormal re- 
gion, the Mississippi makes a sudden bend below Young's Point, 
opposite the mouth of the Yazoo, and turning toward the north- 
east, flows in that direction some four or five miles, till it strikes 
the Vicksburg hills, when it turns again, still more abruptly, and 
runs for almost the same distance toward the southwest. By this 
course a narrow peninsula is formed of the Louisiana shore, which 
stretches out in the shape of a tongue, not more than a mile or two 
across. Opposite the lower side of the peninsula rises the city of 
Vicksburg, terraced on its rugged site, and commanding the ap- 
proaches from above and below, for a distance of long cannon 
range. The bluffs extend along the eastern bank for nearlv twenty 
miles. From Walnut Hills to Warrenton the Mississippi washes 
the foot of the range. At few places is the interval and the bluff 




Hon. R. F. Hkck, Mayor oi- N'icksiukc, iS(;o. Seepage 1S2. 



In and about Vicksburg. 17 

more than six hundred yards ; and at the point where Vicksburg 
stands, the bluft" rises abruptly, two hundred feet from the water's 
edge. " 

The scene at this point is one of indescribable beauty. Standing 
on the terraces of the National Cemetery, where the tropical foliage 
is luxuriant and graceful as an Indian forest, and where the over- 
hanging elms "bend down their wealth of green to form the grate- 
ful shades," there lies before one such a panorama of loveliness that 
the pen refuses to attempt its painting. Like a glittering serpent 
the noble river winds in and out among the trees, until one wonders 
whether the pufling steamboat that glides along in the west is coming 
or going. The huge bend like a green promontory seems to lie 
carelessly on the bosom of the waters, while up and down the har- 
bor, or lying at the wharves, a hundred river boats of every dimen- 
sion tell of the busy scene that is being enacted before the spectator. 
One needs to visit this delightful spot to understand it, and it is no 
part of a Guide Book such as this to attempt to depict in cold type 
and ink a picture such as every visitor can see for himself when 
once he stands on the Cemetery terraces at Vicksburg. 

THE FIRST VISITORS. 

It is difficult to ascertain from the meagre historical data regard- 
ing the early explorations of the Mississippi Valley exactly when 
these picturesque bluffs were first visited by Europeans. De Soto 
in his famous march across the state of Mississippi, in 1541, from 
Mobile to the Tuscaloosa village of Chicasa, and thence to "the 
great father of waters, " moved, as nearly as can be ascertained, along 
a line stretching northwesterly from Mobile to a point in what is 
now Yaolbusha County, some ten miles north of Grenada, and 
thence westerly to a point probably within thirty miles of Helena, 
Arkansas, where he crossed the Mississippi. Two years later, when 
after the death of De Soto his starving army, under Moscoso, de- 
feated in its attempt to reach the land of fabled richness to the west, 
straggled back to the Mississippi, it struck the river not far from the 
mouth of the Arkansas, and from thence descended to the sea by 
means of hastily constructed open barques with bulwarks of planks 
and hides. Two days after they embarked, they came in sight of 
the combined Indian fleet, which hung upon their rear, harassing 
them with continued attacks for several days and nights. It is 
probable, therefore, that these fleeing Spaniards under Moscoso, 
the tattered remains of the noble and chivalrous army of De Soto, 
reduced by war, disease, and famine from upward of a thousand 



1 8 In and about Vicksburg. 

brilliant cavaliers to about three hundred ragged, starving wretches* 
were the first Europeans to cast their eyes on the Vicksburg bluffs ; 
and it is equally probable that it was not far from this famous bend 
that their passage was so stubbornly contested by the Indians. 

It was a hundred and forty years later before the foot of the white 
man again trod the bluffs, or the palcfixce gazed upon the great benti. 
On the 2d day of February, 1682, a band of hardy, advcnturt)us French- 
men, under Robert Cavalier LaSalle, embarked from Fort CreveC<X'ur 
to undertake to reach the mouth of the Mississippi. From the mouth 
of the Ohio, they proceeded down to the first Chickasaw bluffs, where 
he built a stockade fort which he called Fort Prud'homme, in honor 
of the man whom with a small garrison he left in command. About 
the 24th of March he reached the bend, where he paid a visit of 
ceremony to the tribe of Indians, that were lodged not far from the 
present site of Delta. On his return he landed at the site of 
Natchez, where discovering the treacherous design upon the part of 
the Indians for cutting off the whole party, he proceeded to the 
Tensas villages, not far from Lake Providence, where he was hospi- 
tably received, and bountifully supplied with provisions. 

At this time the country around and about Vicksburg was peo- 
pled by the Natchez tribe of natives, the most civilized of any seen 
by Iberville. Their villages were thickly scattered along the creeks 
on the east side of the Mississippi, between the Yazoo and the Pearl, 
while to the west and south were the powerful tribe of the Choc- 
taws, the constant friends of the early French colonists. The whole 
region on both sides of the Mississippi from its source to its mouth, 
and for an indefinite extent east and west, was known as Louisiana, 
and the river itself as the "Saint Louis," both in honor of Louis 
XIV., King of France. For the following half century the In- 
dians continued to maintain their sovereignty over this section. 
About 1705 Fathers Montigny and Davion visited the Yazoo and 
Tensas tribes, and near the promontory, where later stood Fort 
Adams, they had established a missionary station which for many 
years was known as "La Roche a Davion." About the same time 
St. Come established a missionary station among the Natchez.* 
Still the lines were crowding in upon all sides, and slowly but im- 
perceptibly the red man was being forced across the ]\Iississippi, 
toward the setting sun. 

FILLING UP THE VALLEY. 

About the first of April, 1700, the veteran Chevalier de Tonti, 
who had recently arrived on the lower Mississippi with a company 
of colonists, ascended the river as far as the Natchez tribe, where he 



In and about Vicksburg. 



19 



was received with open arms by the natives, who by recent wars 
had been reduced to some twelve hundred warriors. On an ele- 
vated bluff were the city of Natchez now stands he decided to 
erect a city that should be the future capital of the province, and to 
this site he gave the name of Rosalie ; in honor of the Countess of 
Pontchartrain. Yet it was not until 171 5 that any permanent settle- 
ment was made at Natchez. In that year a strong stockade fort was 
erected on thebluif overlooking the river, and a garrison of eighteen 
men under M. Pailloux left to defend the post and protect the traders. 
Four years later M. Boisbrandt, under mstructions from the King, 
commenced the erection of a strong fortress on the east bank of the 
Mississippi, twenty-five miles below Kaskaskia, which under the 
name of Fort Chartress became one of the strongest posts in North 
America. From this time forward the Mississippi became the great 
highway of the western country, along whose broad bosom floated a 
motley craft, from the three-decked war-ships of France to the frail bark 
canoe of the native Indian. All the supplies for the fortress and posts 
the furs and pelts and grain destined for ports abroad, the engme- 
ry of war and the implements of peace, the incoming colonists and 
the outgoing soldiers of France and Spain, the warlike Chickasaws, 
the peaceful Tensas and Natchez, the black-frocked friar and the 
gold-laced cavalier, each and all surged up and down the winding 
stream, in sight of the giant bluffs where now stands the fair city of 
Vicksburg. For two centuries the banners of Spain and France 
waved alternately from the mastheads and their strifes surged 
against the banks of "the father of waters." The Indian tribes, 
while peaceably disposed toward the foreigner, were constantly at 
war with each other. Still the march of civilization proceeded. 
In 1728 New Orleans had become a large commercial port; pleas- 
ant cottages lined the banks of the river for more than twenty 
miles above the city ; settlements had grown up at Natchez and on 
the Yazoo. Then followed the war with the Natchez, and later 
with the Chickasaws, in which perfidious Britain played no unim- 
portant part. But all these this brief resume cannot attempt to 
fitly recount. Though fateful in themselves, often terrible in their 
tales of massacre and retaliation, rapine and plunder, they were 
merely episodes in the grand drama of human progress, that for 
three centuries centred about the valley of the Mississippi. The 
Frenchman succeeded the Spaniard, and the Spaniard the French- 
man, and after him the Englishman, and the red cross of St. George 
for a time waved over all this region, to go down in turn before the 
glorious banner of the Stars and Stripes. The whole Delta of the 
Mississippi is historic ground ; scarcely a turn of the river that is 



20 In and Anoi'T Vicksburo. 

not the scene of romance, more thrillinj; tlian any tale (f fiction, 
more ilramatic than pen can hope to depict. 

WALNUT HILLS. 

It is diflicult, as has been said, to ascertain precisely the date 
when Vicksburg first saw the white man. By 1750 the line of plan- 
tations extended from New Orleans, on both sides of the river, to 
Natchez and beyond. Rice, indigo, and cotton, as well as tobacco, 
were cultivated in abundance. Many French Canadians, to escape 
the British yoke, abandoned their country and settled in Louisiana, 
on the prairies of Attakapas, Opelousas, and Avoyelles. At the 
general pacification of 1763 France had been despoiled of all her 
possessions in North America. That part of Louisiana west of the 
Mississippi, including Orleans, had been ceded to Spain ; that sec- 
tion to the east, to Great Britain, and this status existed up to the 
close of the Revolution. During the period from 1767 to 1783 large 
grants were made by the British Ministry to encourage emigration 
to this section, and as a result there commenced a stream of 
emigration toward the Mississippi from all of the old colonies. 
About 1765 commenced a movement from North Carolina and 
Georgia, of a band of sturdy mountaineers, who were not averse to 
exchange the sterile pine lands of the Atlantic coast for the rich 
alluvials and fertile slopes of the Natchez country. To all who 
came, liberal grants of land were given, in the region of rich uplands, 
extending from Baton Rouge to the Yazoo, and from these emi- 
grants are descended some of the oldest American families now in- 
habiting this section of Louisiana and Mississippi. They located 
mostly in the regions joined by the Bayou Sara, the Homochitto 
and the Bayou Pierre, comprising the upland section from Baton 
Rouge to the Grand Gulf hills. In 1774 some four hundred fami- 
lies arrived from the New England States, Virginia, and Maryland, 
and settled along the Bayou Pierre from the Grand (nilf hills north- 
ward and eastward, as far south as what is now the town of Port 
Gibson, and north to the Big Black. Twenty years later, in the 
height of the "Yazoo speculation," hundreils of enterprising men 
were drawn into this vicinity in pursuit of adventure, and becoming 
attached to its delightful climate and teeming soil, settled in its 
midst, so that by the end of the century there was little ungranted land 
on the banks of the river between Baton Rouge and Memphis. Back 
from the river, the Indian roved in all his aboriginal freedom. The 
Chickasaws occupied the country east of the Mississippi from the 
mouth of the Ohio to the mouth of the Yazoo; theChoctaws all the 
country south of the Yazoo to the ( uilf In i 798 a territorial g(^vern- 



In and about Vicksburg. 



2.3 



menthad been organized and the "Mississippi Territory" had come 
into being, with headquarters at Natchez ; but aside from this, the 
whole region north and east of Natchez for nearly five hundred 
miles, to the settlements on the Cumberland River, was Indian 
country and given up to the sole occupancy of the native tribes. 

Among these grants from Great Britain to her loyal subjects in 
North America, about the year 1767, was one by Governor James 
Grant to Andrew Turnbull of five thousand acres lying across the 
heads of the middle branches of Nassau River, also grants of from 
one to three thousand acres to various persons, on the Mississippi, 
the Homochiito, Walnut Hills, Coles Creek, the Bayou Pierre, 
Second Creek, and Buffalo Creek. Among the children of Andrew 
Tu.mbull was Margaret, who subsequently married Elihu Hall Bay 
of Cnarleston, South Carolina, who later became the secretary and 
deputy register of the land office of East Florida. By descent from 
Turnbull and purchase from the various grantees. Bay came into 
possession of some 16,500 acres, embracing the greater portion of 
what is now Warren County, Mississippi. It is not believed that 
Bay ever made any settlement in this section, as his name appears 
among the non-resident land claimants, who in 1808 filed their claims 
before the Commission appointed by Congress to quiet the titles to 
lands east of Pearl River. The result of this examination by the 
Commission was to confirm to the claimants all valid Spanish grants, 
but to disallow all British grants except such as were actually settled 
and cultivated at the date of the treaty of 1 783. Under this decision 
Bay and his heirs were thrown out of the contest, although they 
continued to appear before Congress for the following quarter of a 
century in unavailing efforts to secure recognition of the grants to 
Turnbull. But whether valid or otherwise, it is conceded that 
Margaret Turnbull, the wife of Elihu H. Bay, of Charleston, South 
Carolina, was the first owner of the land upon which Vicksburg is 
now located. 

FORT NOGALES. 

By the treaty of 1783 with Great Britain, it was provided that the 
southern boundary of the United States was to start from the Missis- 
sippi River at the 31st degree of north latitude, and by her treaty of 
the same date with Spain, Great Britain ceded to her the territory of 
West Florida, thus carrying the boundary of the latter to the mouth 
of the Yazoo River. Upon the signing of this treaty Spain lost no 
time in strengthening her hold upon the disputed territory. 

The garrisons at Manchac, Baton Rouge, and Natchez were in- 
creased, and new forts were erected at New Madrid and Walnut 



24 I.v AM) AMoiT \'uKsnrK(;. 

Hills, which latter point, now the site of Vicksburij^, had t)een tles- 
i.c^nated as Nogales, the Spanish term lor the walnut tree, which 
nourished there in abundance. 

The exact date of the building of the fort at Nogalcs is in doubt. 
Claiborne (Mississippi, with bioj^raphical notes. Jackson, 1880, 
page 127,) gives it as 1781 ; but this is iloubtless an error, as there 
is the best evidence that it was erected subsequent to the treaty of 
1783. To Victor Collet, a general in the French service, at one 
timegovernor of Guadeloupe, and who had served during the Revolu- 
tionary War on the staff of Rochambeau, are we indebted for a trust- 
worthy account of the Spanish works at Nogales. During the year 
1796, M. Collot, accompanied by an aide, journeyed down the Ohio 
to the Mississippi and along the latter to its mouth, making careful 
notes of his observations, which were published at Paris, in 1826, in 
three volumes, illustrated with numerous maps, plans, views, and 
drawings. From this work we extract the following, as embracing 
the careful observations of an eye, witness, who visited the works in 
the days of their greatest strength and maturity. The map on op- 
posite page is taken from drawings made on the spot by M. Collot, 
and may be regarded as accurate. It may interest our antiquarians, 
who have differed for so many years as to the origin of the term 
which attaches to Vicksburg as the "Gibraltar of the South," to 
know that the use of the appellation is older than the century, and 
that its origin, according to M. Collot, is founded in irony. 

"The post of Nogales," writes M. Collot, "called by way of irony 
the Gibraltar of Louisiana, is situated on the left of the river, near a 
deep creek, and on the summit of different eminences connected 
with each other and running northeast. These heights form a kind 
of spur, branching from the chain of hills, which is no longer visible, 
at the cliffs of Margot, and which falls away on the side of^ the Flor- 
idas. These eminences rise gradually toward the country, divid- 
ing the space of forty miles from the banks of the river to the peak 
of this small chain. The first of these eminences — that is of those, 
that touch the banks of the river — do not form cliffs like those of the 
Iron Mine and at Margot ; they slope away, on the contrary, very 
gradually, and it is at the extremity of one of their glacis that the 
first work. A, called fort of the Great Battery, is placed. But as after 
building this first fort it was perceived, in clearing, that at about two 
hundred yards behind, a sm.all elevation commanded the battery, a 
block-house, B, was erected, on which were placed four howitzers 
pointed at the battery. On the side of the river this battery is closed 
by a wall of masonry, twelve feet high and four thick, in which are 
crannies and emlirasures ; on the hxnd side, a ditch four feet in 






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In and AiioiT VicKSBURG. 27 

breadlli and three deep, and a palisado twelve feet high, surround 
the battery and the block-house. 

"Twelve pieces of cannon, four twelve-pounders and eight eight- 
pounders, mounted on rotten platforms, compose the artillery. A 
house for the commander, barracks for two hundred men, and a 
{)owder magazine, are erected in this inclosure. On the left of this 
first work, at a distance of six hundred yards, is another small 
mound, C, insulated and separated from the fort of the great battery 
by a great defile, D, and which is about twelve feet deep and twenty 
broad. To obviate this second inconvenience, another block-house 
has been erected on this kind of Sugar Loaf, in which are placed 
four four-pounders. This small work is surrounded by a bad ditch 
and a palisado, and is called Fort Sugar Loaf These two first 
works look upon the river. About a thousand yards behind these 
two works is a chain of small heights, which, connected with each 
other, form together a large and extensive platform, E, that com- 
mands the whole of the space from the river, as well as the battery, 
A, and Fort Sugar Loaf, B. 

"Three works have been erected on this platform : The first, F, 
called fort of Mount Vigie, and on which depends the defense of 
this post, is placed in the middle so as to form a recess with battery 
A and Fort Sugar Loaf, B; but though it supports fort F, it cannot, 
however, overlook the battery. A, from the elevation of fort B ; so that 
after having carried the battery and the block-house it would be very 
easy to form a lodgment at the foot of the eminence, B, without risk- 
ing a cannon shot from the other works. The form of Fort Mount 
Vigie is a perfect square, without bastion, with a parapet of four feet 
of earth, surrounded with a ditch and a palisado ; on each of its 
fronts are placed two eight-pounders. In the middle of this fort is a 
block-house which serves for barracks ; a well is also sunk. To the 
right and left of Fort Mount Vigie, at the distance of nearly four 
hundred yards, on a spot a little more elevated than the fort, two 
small block-houses are built, which serve for lunettes ; they have no 
guns, and are surrounded neither by ditch nor palisadoes. The 
block-house placed on the left, G, is called Fort Gayoso, and that on 
the right, H, Fort St. Ignatius. 

"Such is exactly the present state of the defense of Nogales. 
* * * Eighty soldiers and a captain are intrusted with the de- 
fense of these difterent forts, which would require at least a thou- 
sand men." 

The story of the rise, decline, and fall of the works at Nogales,, 
though of absorbing interest to historians, is no part of the purpose 
of this work. How the Spaniard with tenacious grip held on to 



28 In' and AHOl'T VlCKSTU'RO. 

his forts at Memphis, at Natclicz, and at Walnut Hills until they 
were wrested from him by sheer force ; how Andrew EUicott and 
Col. Grandpre, and Don Manuel Gayoso dc Lemos, "brigadier- 
general in the armies of Spain, commandant of Fort Panmurc and 
governor of Natchez, "' exchanged glowing proclamations and defiant 
epistles, until, when on the 23d of March, 1798, Captain Guion of 
the United States army had determined to take the forts at Nogales 
by assault, they were suddenly evacuated, and the garrison retired 
into Fort Panmure at Natchez ; all these belong to the domain of 
romance, and not to a plain matter-of-fact Guide Book such as 
this. 

Old Fort Nogales stood on the high eminence about a mile and a 
quarter due north from the present court-house, that is still locally 
known as Fort Hill. There was a grave-yard near the river in front 
of the fort and nearly in front of the present National Cemetery. 
After its evacuation by the Spaniards, the name of the fort was 
changed to Fort McHenry, in honor of the then Secretary of War, 
but its occupation was short, and it was finally abandoned about 
the close of the last century. At that time Anthony Glass, Sr., 
whose son was one of the first settlers at the present site of Vicks- 
burg, was living at the fort, and his descendants are now among 
the most reputable citizens of Warren County. 

THE BEGINNING OF VICKSBURG. 

About the year 1805, or 1806, there came to this vicinity a sturdy 
pioneer from Virginia, by the name of Newet Vick. This gentle- 
man was born in Virginia, on the 17th of March, 1766, and in the 
year 1791 had married Elizabeth Clark, of Virginia, the young 
couple immediately moving to North Carolina, where they remained 
for the following fourteen years. Farming in the "old North 
State" in the latter part of the i8th century was attended with many 
difficulties, so that, learning of the fertile lands to the west, they 
journeyed overland till they reached the Tennessee River, where, 
near tiie Mussel-shoals, they purchased a keel boat, with which they 
journeyed down the Mississippi, landing at the mouth of Cole's 
creek, and locating near the present site of Fayette, in what is now 
Jefferson County, Mississippi. Mr. Vick planted for several years 
at this location, but learning of better lands in the south, he moved 
to what is now Warren County, at some time prior to 181 2, and lo- 
cated at a place six miles east of the present site of Vicksburg, 
known in the locality as the "Open Woods," and it may be re- 
marked, parenthetically, that the present street in the city of Vicks- 




Major Lee Riciiakdsox, Jr. See pasje 185. 



In and about Vicksburg. 



31 



burg, of that name and leading in that direction, was so named in 
compliment to this first resting place of the sturdy Virginia pioneer. 
At that time the intervening country between "Open Woods" and 
the Mississippi River was for the most part a dense canebrake which 
extended to the hills and valleys of the present city. About this 
time a number of other Virginians, some of whom were previously 
known to Mr. Vick, moved into the neighborhood of "Open 
Woods." He then cleared and cul- 
tivated a piece of ground, on a por- 
tion of which the present city is loca- 
ted, and established the quarters for 
his hands on the bluff upon the river, 
near the intersection of the present Bel- 
mont and Washington Streets. He 
had, in fact, selected as the site for 
his own residence the present Court 
House Square, having resolved to 
leave "Open Woods" and live at 
his plantation on the river. But be- 
fore his plans could be consummated 
he was attacked by a severe illness, 
from which he died at "Open Woods," 
on the 5th of August, 181 9, at the age 
of fifty-three years, leaving thirteen 
children, all of whom grew to manhood 
and womanhood. His tomb, and that of his wife, are still to be seen 
at "Open Woods," inclosed by a massive stone wall. Mr. Vick 
was a gentleman of the highest probity, possessing the confidence of 
his neighbors and friends, and was spoken of with the highest respect 
by all with whom he ever came in contact. Besides being a planter, 
he was a clergyman of the Methodist faith, and it is a matter of note 
that the first conference of that denomination held in the State of 
Mississippi convened at his house. In his will he directed that his 
river place be laid off into lots, in the belief that a point so admirably 
adapted in every respect for the site of a large city could not fail to 
reach its ultimate destiny. This design was accomplished by the 
Rev. John Lane, his son-in-law, about the year 1821. 

Of the sons of Newet Vick, Hartwell W. became a leading mer- 
chant of Vicksburg. The daughters married, respectively, the Rev. 
John Lane ; the Rev. C. K. Marshall, one of the leading divines 
of the South ; the Hon. John L. Irwin, Dr. S. D. McCrea, and 
Col. Henry Morse. His nephew, Foster Cook, who came with 
him from Virginia and settled near Vicksburg, became one of the 




32 



L\ AND AHOl T N'uKSUrRC. 



leading citizens, and was a man of high character and sterling 
merit. He died in 1828, and his widow, some years later, marrietl 
Judge Jones Bland, whose son was sheriff of Warren County in 1863, 
when Grant entered Vicksburg. 

It cannot be learned under what title Xewet \'ick held his planta- 
tion on the bluffs. It is probable that the greater portion of it was 
located outside of the city limits. When later, under Government 
surveys, this property came into the market, it is a matter of record 
that the most desirable land upon which Vicksburg is now located 
was at once purchased by the Vick family and their neighbors. 

In 1816 the United States completed its survey of Mississippi 
Territory, and under this survey the section where now stands "the 
Hill City " came out of the wilderness and became known as Sec- 
tions 13, 24, and 25 of Township 16, North Range 3, east, and sec- 
tions 17, 18, 20, and 30 of Township 16, Range 4, north of the 
Washington meridian. These lands were at once thrown open to 
settlement, the price being fixed at the uniform rate of two dollars 
an acre. On the 27th of January, 1816, Ilartwell W. Vick ap- 
peared at the land office at Washington, Mississippi, and purchased 
375 acres of land in section 20 of Township 16, North Range 3, 
east, and on the 3d of March, 1818, he made a further purchase of 
about 225 acres, and thus became the first unquestionable owner of 
a portion of the site of Vicksburg. In 1821 Anthony Glass by a pur- 
chase of some 200 acres became a neighbor to Vick, and he was 
joined in 1822 by John Elmore. From this time the settlement 
grew rapidly. During the three following years lands were taken 
up successively by William Vick, Newet Yick, Willis B. Vick, John 
B. Fox, Samuel S. Fox, Sturges Sprague, Lemuel Pitcher, John 
Lane, Duncan Patterson, William Giles, John Hilliard, White Tur- 
pin, John Jenkins, and Beverly Hughes. And thus the village on 
the bluffs, which was destined to play so important a part in the 
drama of American history, came into being. 

The southern part of Warren County, below Mcksburg, was first 
settled by the Rapaljes, the Hylands, Downs, Steeles, Griffins, and 
others, while in the country above, along the bluff" fronting the Yazoo 
swamp, were the Fergusons, the Camerons, the Throckmortons, 
the Gervais', and the Turnbulls, all of whom in wealth and culture, 
were then, as now, among the leading families of the South. "The 
most important person about Walnut Hills when the Americans set- 
tled there," says Claiborne, "was Honore P. Morancy, planter, 
merchant and postmaster. He and his brother, when small boys", 
had been saved when the massacre in San Domingo occurred. They 
were sent to the United Slates by Stephen (iirard or his agents, and 



Ix AND ABOLT VlCKSBUKi;. ^_^ 

having no kindred, were received on tlieir arrival at Baltimore and 
educated by Charles Carroll, of Carrollton. Honore came to Louisi- 
ana, taught school at Opelousas, and settled first at Walnut Hills, 
and subsequently became an extensive planter at Milliken's Bend. 
His brother Emilius settled at Walnut Hills as a physician. " The 
public road from the river eastward, in the direction of Clinton, was 
laid off in 1820, and opened as far as the Big Black, and in 1824 the 
Legislature made an appropriation to extend it to Jackson. The 
first business house in Vicksburg was established by Hartwell W. 
Vick and Nicholas Gray, but they failed very shortly and were suc- 
ceeded by Foster Cook and George Wycke. Col. Henry Morse, 
who married a daughter of Newet Vick and Joseph Hough, were 
also among the first merchants ; the first physicians were Emilius 
Morancy, above referred to, Thomas Anderson and J. W. Hedge- 
man ; the first lawyer, Alexander G. McNutt, who hailed from Vir- 
ginia, and who was soon followed by J. ISl. Chilton, Robert Garland, 
John J. Guion, and D. L. McCord ; the first ministers, besides the 
founder, were the Rev. Tobias Gibson and his brother Randall, both 
Methodists, the latter the ancestor of the present Senator from Louisi- 
ana. Such were the beginnings of Vicksburg. 

For the following quarter of a century the development of the 
town was slow but certain. Its location in the midst of the cotton- 
belt, on one of the few bluffs of the Mississippi, and midway between 
Memphis and New Orleans, rendered it naturally a business point of 
great importance. Steamers loaded at its busy wharves ; freight and 
supplies of all descriptions destined for interior points were disem- 
barked at the landing ; stevedores and dusky 'longshoremen gathered 
in its streets, and the river front took on a scene of activity that 
alone was witnessed in the days before the railroad, on the great 
rivers, then the public highways for a national commerce. 

In 1835 occurred an outbreak, generally known as the lynching 
of the gamblers. A great number of this fraternity had been driven 
out of Natchez a short time before and had taken residence in the 
most disreputable portion of Vicksburg. Here their conduct, rein- 
forced as they were by other representatives of the worst elements of 
human society, the offscourings of every river town from St. Louis 
and Cincinnati to New Orleans, became so insupportable that a 
posse of citizens, headed by Dr. John Bodley, went to arrest some 
of them, the inmates of one of their dens. The posse were fired 
upon from within, and Dr. Bodley, who is said to have been a 
most estimable citizen, fell dead. Upon this the citizens rose en 
masse, stormed the house and seized the inmates, some of whom 
were wounded in the attack, bore them to the outskirts of the town, 



I\ ANU ABUll \'l('KSlUI<(; 



;iiul liiing thciu to a Irco. The exact scene of the lynching is said to 
be the intersection of Clay and Farmer Streets. Five suffered in all, 
and though the manner of their punishment cannot be excused by a 
rigid moralist, its effect was unquestionably wholesome. 

Dr. Bodley has for two generations been revered almost as a 
martyr. His body, presumably as a mark of honor, and contrary to 
the usual practice, was interred in the churchyard of the then Pres- 
byterian, now the African Methodist, church, corner of Monroe and 
First East Streets, and over it soon rose a beautiful marble base and 
obelisk, the tribute of the people, as its inscription states. This 
monument has been kept in repair at the city's cost, antl is still in 
good condition. 

The peninsula in front of the town before described as formed by 
the meandering of the 
river, now an island 
and named for De 
Soto, the discoverer 
of the ^Mississippi, 
was and is Louisiana 
territory, and, being 
so easily accessible 
from Vicksburg and 
also remote from any 
town in Louisiana, 
was for many years 
a favorite dueling- 
ground, when duel- 
ing was a well-estab- 
lished custom.* Here 
S. S. Prentiss, the 
Maine boy, who won 
such celebrity in Mis- 
sissippi, exchanged 
shots with Hon. 
Henry S. Foote, af- 
terward Governor of 
the State and United 
States Senator, with whom he fought twice ; and here young 
Cunningham, of South Carolina, and FLin. Alex. Duvall, then 
member of Congress, fought a desperate duel at four paces, in 

*Among the notable citizens of Vicksburg during its early days Hon. Wm. M. 
(J win, twice a member of Congress from this State and afterward Senator from 
Calitornia, and Maximilian, Duke ot Sonora, were especially prominent. Gwin's 




T»£ B-QvC'eY' MUn'VMENt'^'-' -i 






Iv AND ABOUT ViCKSBURG. 37 

which the rormcr, a beardless youth of nineteen, laid his antagonist 
dead at his feet with a bullet through his heart, escaping himself 
without a scratch. 

Duvall was a man of the coolest and most indomitable courage, 
and it isstill remembered that on one occasion in Benton, Miss.' 
then an important town, when an unfortunate man, wrongfully sup- 
posed to be an Abolition emissar)-, was about to be lynched by an 
infuriated mob, he sallied from his law office armed with a shotgun 
and rescued the prisoner, who was afterward proven innocent. 

Another gentleman of national prominence whose early career 
was intimately associated with that of Vicksburg was Joseph Holt, 
afterward Postmaster-General of the United States under President 
Buchanan, and late Judge Advocate-General of the army. Holt, a 
Kentuckian by birth, came to Port Gibson in 1835 from Louisville, 
and began the practice of law in this section, and was among the earli- 
est practitioners at the Vicksburg Bar. Gifted with an unusual 
scope of legal knowledge and a clear, incisive, analytical method 
of reasoning, he immediately took a leading rank in his profession, 
and entered at once upon a public career that continued up to the 
date of retirement. He returned to Louisville in 1842; in 1857 
was made Commissioner of Patents, from whence he was promoted 
to the Cabinet two years later, and in i860, upon the withdrawal of 
John B. Floyd, he was placed temporarily in charge of the War De- 
partment. In September, 1862, the ne essity for a sound judicial 
mmd at the head of the Bureau of Military Justice at Washington 
suggested the appointment of Judge Holt, and in this position he 
continued for many years, having been breveted a major-general at 
the close of the War for meritorious services in his department. 

formerly handsome residence at 307 West Grove Street, between Washington and 
Wahiut Streets, where he entertained ex-President Jackson during the latter's jour- 
ney to New Orleans, is still in a good state of preservation. " Old }Iickory" was a 
devoted friend of the Gwins, and his desperate struggle with the Senate over the 
appointment of Senator Gwin's elder brother as U. S". Marshall of this State, then 
a very lucrative position, excited the keenest interest at the time. Gwin was re- 
jected by the Senate several times, but the indomitable Jackson raeppointed him 
repeatedly and at last carried his point. The Gwins were Tennesseeans and their 
lather was Jackson's fighting parson. His life showed that Jackson was a bitter 
enemy and his friendship was equally uncompromising. At that time party 
spirit was very high here, and tradition relates that a zealous Whig actually noti 
tied his daughter that she must discourage a certain suitor, otherwise highly eligi- 
ble, because he was an ardent Democrat. This enthusiasm was occasionally 
manifested in a far more serious manner, and a single newspaper lost four editors 
in a few years in bloody encounters with political adversaries, although in these 
cases private grudges lent fury to the tlame of faction. This pugnacity ol dis- 
position has been manifested on far nobler fields and in a manner that is a source 
of pride, not sorrow. 



.'S In and AHOlT VirKSlU'RG. 

Few communities can boast a greater name than that of Sargent 
S. Prentiss, whose forensic eloquence, keen wit, and unrivaled 
genius is recognized wherever the fame of eminent Americans is 
recorded. Prentiss, who was born at Portland. Maine, in 1808, 
came to Vicksburg as early as 1832, having scarcely reached his ma- 
jority when admitted to the Natchez Par three years before, and 
at once rose to the front rank in reputation and the extent of his 
practice. In 1835 he was sent to the Mississippi Legislature from 
Vicksburg, and two years later to Congress, where finding his seat 
occupied by his Democratic competitor at the election he vindi- 
cated his claim in a speech which lasted for three days and estab- 
lished at once his position as one of the first parliamentary orators of 
the day. His claim being rejected by the casting vote of the Speak- 
er, he at once returned to Vicksburg, and after a vigorous canvass 
was again elected by a clinching majority. Prentiss was in every 
respect a wonderful orator. Webster, Clay, Calhoun, and other giants 
of those days have placed themselves on record as declaring that 
he had no equal as a speaker, and Everett, who listened to one of his 
impromptu efforts in Faneuil Hall, remarked years afterward that 
" it was the most wonderful specimen of a sententious lluency which 
I have ever witnessed." Mr. Prentiss died in 1850, having scarcely 
reached middle age. 

Of even earlier date than these, as a citizen of Vicksburg, was 
William Lewis Sharkey, who came herein 1825, and for the follow- 
ing half century was honored by the highest positions in the gift of 
the State. For eighteen years Chief Justice of the Court of Errors and 
Appeals, he was appointed provisional governor in 1865, and the 
following year elected a Senator of the United States. He died, full 
of years and honors, in the city of Washington on the 19th April, 
187^. Another citizen of Vicksburg who served his State in the 
National Senate was Walker Brooke, who succeeded Henry S. Foote 
upon his election as Governor in 1852. He represented the Vicks- 
burg district in the Confederate Congress, and died in this city 19th 
February, 1869, lamented by his friends and neighbors, and beloved 
by the whole community. Contemporaneous with these was George 
S. Yerger, who came here in 1839 and at once took a prominent 
position among the leading lawyers of the State. Although confin- 
ing his practice to questions of equity and commercial law, his 
celebrated defense of Gen. Daniel Adams, who killed his antagonist 
in the streets of Vicksburg in 1844, is remembered as among the 
ablest on record. Another name which Mississippians delight to 
honor is that of Alexander G. McNutt, who settled in Vicksburg in 
1830, and for many years represented this city in the Legislature. 



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A Southern Bkai: i v. See page 200. 



In and about Vicksbukg. 



4l 



He was Speaker of the Senate in 1837 and Governor of the State the 
year following. McNutt was an orator second to none, but Prentiss, 
and his reputation as a statesman is among the memories of which 
this land can boast. Such are a few of the names associated with 
the early days of Vicksburg. 




PART II. 

Up to the Winter of 1 860-61, when the mutterings of discontent 
between the North and South became loud and ominous of im- 
pcndingtrouble, there was little of interest in thedaily lifeof the 
Hill city requiring mention. Many of her citizens were not original 
secessionists, and were hopeful that the troubles, which seemed to 
culminate in the election of an administration apparently hostile to 
Southern interests, would be satisfactorily disposed of without a 
resort to arms. But as the Winter closed in, and the news from 
Washington was freighted with rumors of pending trouble upon 
questions of irreconcilable difference, the half-hearted Union men 
quietly succumbed to the influence of their more determined 
neighbors, so that by the time of the meeting of the Convention, the 
delegation that went from Vicksburg carried with it the overwhelm- 
ing sentiment of the community, that the future prosperity of the 
State lay solely in separation. To the citizens of the North, who 
witnessed the uprising of the people at the news of the firing on 
Sumter, no better comparison is needed than to say that their en- 
thusiasm on behalf of the Union, at the time excelled the unswerving 
loyalty and determined resistance which swayed the Southern people 
in the early days of the war. As early as January, i86r, immediately 
upon the adoption by Mississippi of the ordinance of secession, the 
Governor of the State planted guns at Vicksburg to detain for 
examination, all steamers passing down the river. The same 
military reasons which made the point of the highest strategic im- 
portance in the days of the Spanish ascendancy, applied with added 
force in the plans which looked to maintaining the control of the 
Mississippi. 

The hasty fortifications erected at that time were of no character 
or strength to resist any determined assault, and the necessity of 
sending all available troops to the front, no less than the neglect of 
the United States authorities to attempt the long passage of the Mis- 
sissippi, gave Vicksburg a respite duing the first year of the war. 
Notwithstanding this, the streets were full of armed men, and the 
Walnut Hills bristled with the bayonets of eager volunteers. For 
her population, the city of Vicksburg sent more men into the Con- 
federate camps than almost any other place in the South, while her 




Gkn'i, U. S. C'iKANt. 



In and about Vicksburg. 45 

contributions of money and material were far in excess of her quota. 
The fall of New Orleans on the 25lh of April, 1862, determined the 
occupation of Vicksburg in force. The first troops to go there were 
from those which had evacuated the Crescent City. They were the 
4th Louisiana (Col. Allen) and the 28th Louisiana (Col. Thomas). 
Five more Louisiana regiments followed almost immediately, viz : 
the 17th, 26th, 27th and 30th infantry, and Beltzhoover's regiment 
of artillery together with a battalion of artillery under Major Ogden. 
Mellon's regiment and Balfour's battalion of Mississippi troops fol- 
lowed, so that on the 12th of May, 1862, when Brigadier-General 
Martin Luther Smith arrived and took command, there were fully 
8,000 men congregated on the famous Heights. From this hour to 
the surrender, fourteen months later, Vicksburg was a vast armed 
camp. The first military operations, says Col. S. H. Lockett, who 
was the Chief Engineer of the defences from the beginning to the 
end of the operations, were the laying-out and construction of some 
batteries for heavy guns, by Captain D. B. Harris of the C. S. En- 
gineers, the work being mostly done by a force of hired negroes. 
The batteries were located chiefly below the city — their positions 
were well chosen — they had fine command of the river against a 
fleet coming from below. Several new batteries were laid out on 
the most commanding points above the city — which were known as 
the ' ' upper batteries. " 

SUMMONED TO SURRENDER. 

Scarcely had these operations commenced when a portion of Far- 
ragut's fleet under Capt. S. P. Lee, passing up the river, came in 
sight of the batteries. 

The following correspondence which ensued, is so characteristic 
that it is reproduced in full, without comment. 

U. S. S. Oneida, near Vicksburg, 
May 18, 1862. 
To the Authorities of Vicksburg : 

The undersigned, with orders from Flag-Officer Farragui and 
Major-General Butler, respectively, demand, in advance of the ap- 
proaching fleet, the surrender of Vicksburg and its defences to the 
lawful authority of the United States, under which private property 
and personal rights shall be respected. 

Respectfully yours, 

S. Phillips Lee, U. S. N. , 
T. Williams, Commanding Advance Naval Division. 

Brigadier-General. 



46 In and about Vicksburg. 

Mayor's Office, Vicksburg, Miss., 
May 1 8, 1862. 
To S. Phillips Lee, Commanding Advance Naval Division : 

Your communication of tliis date, addressed " To the Author- 
ities of Vicksburg," has been dehvercd to me. In reply, I will 
state to you that so far as the municipal authorities are concerned, 
we have erected no defences, and none are within the corporate 
limits of the city. 

But, sir, in further reply, I will state that neither the municipal 
authorities nor the citizens will ever consent to surrender the city. 

Respectfully, 

L. LiNDSKY, 

Mavor. 



Vicksburg, Miss,, 
May 18, 1862. 
To S. Phillips Lee, Commanding Advance Naval Division . 

Sir: As your communication of this date is addressed "To 
the Authorities of Vicksburg," and that you may have a full reply 
to said communication, I have to state that Mississippians don't 
know and refuse to learn how to surrender to an enemy. If Com- 
modore Farragut or Brig. Gen. Butler can teach them, let them 
come and try. As to the defences of Vicksburg, I respectfully re- 
fer you to the reply of Brigadier-General Smith, commanding forces 
at Vicksburg, herewith enclosed. 

Respectfully, 

James L. Autry, 
Military Governor and Commanding Post. 



Headquarters Defences, Vicksburg, Miss., 
May 18, 1862. 
S. Phillips Lee, U. S. N., Commanding Advance Naval Division. 
Sir: Your communication of this date, addressed "To the 
Authorities of Vicksburg, " demanding the surrender of the city and 
its defences has been received. In regard to the surrender of the 
defences, I have to reply that having been ordered here to hold these 
defences, it is my intention to do so as long as it is in my power. 

M. L. Smith, 
Bricradicr-General Commanding. 



In and about Vicksburg. 47 



THE FIRST BOMBARDMENT. 



Deeming that his instructions would not warrant his opening 
fire on the city at that time, Capt. Lee returned to the fleet and 
reported the situation, while the Confederates proceeded to strengthen 
their fortifications on the river side, and more troops were hurried 
to its defence, so that, by the 20th of June, the force in Vicksburg 
was not far from 10,000 men. On the 26th of that month 
Farragut's fleet arriv=!d in sight of the city, and a flotilla of mortar 
boats was moored against the further shore and opened fire just 
beyond the range of the lower batteries. Although the howling 
and the bursting of these mortar-shells, carried with them a terror 
that is indescribable, their vertical fire rendered them comparatively 
harmless, and they were soon discontinued. "June 28" writes 
Col. Lockett "was a memorable day in Vicksburg. At early 
dawn the mortar-fleet renewed its heavy bombardment. At the 
same time the vessels and gun-boats moved up toward the city 
and opened fire with all their heavy ordnance. Under cover of 
this tremendous shelling the Brooklyn and Hartford and several of 
the iron-clads pushed up stream, and went past our batteries under 
full headway, pouring into the city broadside after broadside with 
astonishing rapidity. The Confederate batteries responded with 
energy. 

"The results of this encounter with the hitherto redoubtable fleet 
was highly gratifying to the defenders of Vicksburg. It is true the 
fleet got past the batteries ; but the Brooklyn and Octorora were 
temporarily disabled. All the vessels suffered more or less, and 
many Federal soldiers were killed and wounded, as we learned from 
people living across the river. On the Confederate side no gun 
was disabled, no battery injured, and only thirteen were killed or 
wounded. Our batteries mounted 29 guns, of which 2 were 10- 
inch Columbiads, the rest being old style 42 and 32 pounders. 
The Brooklyn alone carried 24 ii-inch Dahlgren guns. We ex- 
pected a land attack at the same time, and were prepared for it by 
the presence of as many as ten thousand troops, under Breckinridge, 
Bowen, and Preston, who had just arrived and were in near sup- 
porting distance. They were not called upon, however, and no 
troops were under fire except the brigade of General M. L. Smith. 
After this, for two weeks, things moved along at Vicksburg with 
something akin to monotony. The mortar fleets kept up a steady 
bombardment, but even the citizens of the town became so ac- 
customed to it that they went about their daily occupations. The 



48 In ani^ about VicKSBrRO. 

women and cliiklren left their caves to watch tlie shells, and would 
only betake themselves to their shelters when the fire seemed to be 
concentrated in their particular neighborhoods. Finally the upper 
fleet, under Flag-Oflicer C. H. Davis, came down the river, joined 
the vessels that had run our batteries^ put a flotilla of mortar-boats 
in positii)n, and took part in the grand but nearly harmless sport of 
pitching big shells into Vicksburg. * * * * 

"For several days after this the regulation bombardment was kept 
up. Suddenly, however, on the 25111 of July, the lower fleet, big 
ships, gun-boats, and mortar-boats, weighed anchor ami dropped 
down the river to a distance of several miles below their former 
position. On the 27th both lower and upper fleets took leave of us, 
and the 28th of July found Vicksburg once more freed from the 
presence of a hostile force. " 

THE LULL BEFORE THE STORM. 

The departure of the fleet afforded the opportunity for placing 
the city in a thorough condition of defence. An immense force of 
negro laborers was hired and impressed from all the surrounding 
plantations. Guns were hauled from the river and from the rail- 
road to the heights and placed in position. Redoubts, redans, 
lunettes and every conceivable variety of smaller field-works, were 
constructed with rifle-pits so connecting them all as to give a con- 
tinuous line of defence. Fortified positions were taken six miles 
on either side of the city, as flank protections to the main works and 
all \\ere manned by a force thoroughly drilled to defend them. 
Still it would be unjust to the truth of history to neglect this oppor- 
tunity to contradict the generally accepted opinion that the works at 
Vicksburg were at any time deserving of the term "impregnable" 
which many writers are so fond of conferring upon them. The 
point was admirably defended and all that engineering skill could 
contrive, or brave men contribute, was furnished in abundant 
measure. But at no time were either the numbers of men or guns, 
or strategic position of such a character, as to gain for it the famous 
soubriquet of "The (Gibraltar of the South." 

The strategic position of Vicksl)urg, however, as has been de- 
scribed, rendered it of exceeding importance to both armies, and 
its capture was determined upon. After the failure of the gunboats, 
the river soon began to fall, so that Farragut was obliged to descend to 
New Orleans, and for the ensuing five months no further operations 
were had against the city. In May a few Union regiments haj 
taken possession of the Louisiana shore opposite, and began to dig a 




See page 204. 



In and ahout Vicksburg. 



51 



canal across the isthmus formed by the bend, in the belief that a 
new channel would thus be formed through which the Mississippi 
would flow, and thus leave Vicksburg several miles inland. But 
"the great father of rivers" stubbornly declined to enter the new 
passage and continued its old course, and thus the second attempt 
to secure possession of the city failed of accomplishment. 



GRANT TRIES AND FAILS. 

In the meantime Lieutenant General John C. Pemberton, a per- 
sonal favorite of President Davis, had been placed in command of the 

Department of the Missis- 
sippi and East Lousiania, 
with headquarters at jack- 
son, and General U. S. Grant 
had been placed in command 
of all the Federal troops in 
Northern Mississippi. From 
this time forward the per- 
sistency of Grant was direct- 
ed toward the capture of 
Vicksburg, and thence fol- 
lowed a series of military 
operations which will ever 
stand out in history as among 
the most remarkable on 
record. Grant was then at 
Memphis, and his left at 
Grand Junction. A simul- 
taneous advance was order- 
ed from both points upon 
Grenada via Holly Springs. 
Forest and Van Dorn im- 
mediately raided his com- 
munications, and cutting 
off his base of supplies 
forced him to the alternative of starvation or retreat. He 
adopted the latter, and thus the third attempt upon Vicksburg fol- 
lowed the fate of its predecssors. In December of that year General 
W. T. Sherman was despatched from Memphis with a column of 
twenty thousand men, with instructions to get into the rear of 
Vicksburg by the Chickasaw bayou road, while Grant proposed to 




Pemberton. 



52 In and about Vicksiu'rg. 

hold Pemberton away from Vicksburg by forcing him to retreat to 
the south or to figlit him near Oxford or (Grenada. But (kant 
missed Pemberton, and as Van Dorn had captured Holly Springs 
he was compelled to move in another direction while Pemberton's 
troops were hurried into Vicksburg. On the 29th of December, 
Sherman landed near Haines Bluff, where he met the Confederates 
under M. L. Smith and Stephen D. Lee, and was repulsed. He 
then learned of Pemberton's presence near Vicksburg, and of the fail- 
ure of Grant to intercept him, and seeing the hopelessness of this 
movement, embarked his troops on the 4th of January and pro- 
ceeded to the capture of Arkansas Post. This was fortunate for 
Sherman, for Pemberton with his whole force would have been upon 
him had he advanced ; but the abandonment of this expedition 
worked the fourth failure, and the stars and bars still floated de- 
fiantly from the heights of Vicksburg. 

A month later Gen. Grant in person appeared in front of the city 
on the Louisiana shore, at Young's Plantation, and renewed the 
bombardment from the fleet, while his troops continued the work 
on the canal. But the Mississippi again came to the relief of her 
children, and by means of an unusually high freshet drove him 
from his position and destroyed the canal. Another canal was then 
commenced at Lake Providence and Bayou Macon, but this was 
also swept away by the high water, as was a third at the Yazoo pass. 
Next, Porter, with the fleet, and Sherman, with a body of the troops, 
attempted a flank movement via Steele's Bayou, but the water 
which had risen with such persistency for a month past as to 
threaten to drown the Union troops, now fell as suddenly as it had 
risen, and the gunboats came near being stranded in the swamps, 
as the men were being picked off by the Confederate sharpshooters. 
Five — six — seven — eight — nine attempts upon Vicksburg, and still 
her flags waved as proudly as ever. But despite the exultation of 
her brave defenders, as they counted off these successive failures, they 
could not avoid the reflection that Grant was in dead earnest, and 
that his repeated disasters seemed to have small effect upon his 
courage and determination. 

GRANT TRIES ANOTHER PLAN. 

"By this time;" says Sherman in his Memoirs, "it had become 
thoroughly demonstrated that we could not divert the main river, 
Mississippi, or get practicable access to the East bank of the Yazoo, 
in the rear of Vicksburg, by any of the passes ; and we were all in 
the habit of discussing the various chances of the future. Gen. 



\ 




u 



In and abou'I' Vicksiuirc;. 



55 



* But Gen. Grant 



Grant's headquarters were at Miliken's Bend, in tents, and his army 
was strung along the river all the way from Young's Poiiit to Lake 
Providfnce, at least sixty miles, 
would not, for reasons other 
than military, take any course f 
which looked like a step back- 
ward, and he himselfconcluded 
on the river movement, below 
Vicksburg." On the 29th of 
April, 1863, Gen. Grant with 
20,000 men having run the bat- 
teries of Vicksburg and Grand 
Gulf, landed at Bruinsburg, 
sixty miles below, and com- 
menced the final campaign 
which was to destroy all military 
maxims and precedents, inaug- 
urate the career of one of the 
greatest military heroes of the 
century, and land him in Vicks- 
burg two months later. "I 
was now in the enemy's coun- 
try," says he, (Personal Mem- 
oirs, U. S. Grant, vol. i,p. 480) 
' 'with a vast river and the strong- 
hold of Vicksburg between me 
and my base of supplies. I 
had with me the 13th Corps (McClernand) and two brigades of 
Logan's division ol the 17th Corps, in all not more than 20,000 men 
to commence the campaign with. These were soon re-inforced 
by the remaining brigade of Logan's division and by Crocker's 
division of the 17th Corps. On the 7th of May, I was 
further re-inforced by Sherman with two divisions of his, the 15th 
corps. My total force was then about 33,000 men. The enemy 
occupied Grand Gulf, Vicksburg, Haynes Bluff, and Jackson, with 
a force of nearly 60,000 men. My first problem was to capture 
Grand Gulf to use as a base, and then, if possible, beat the enemy 
in detail outside the fortifications of Vicksburg. " It was his inten- 
tion to hold Grand Gulf as abase of supplies, so as to co-operate with 
Banks, who was about to attempt the reduction of Port Hudson. 
But, learning that Banks could not be at Port Hudson for fully ten 
days, and then with scarcely more than 10,000 men, he determined 




Sherman. 



56 



In 



AM) A BO IT 



Vl( 




to cut loose from his base, attack the Confcdcralcs in the rear of 
Vicksburg, and then invest the city. 

On liie 6th of May Sherman 
arrived at Grand Gulf and 
crossed his command, and the 
following day the forward 
movement was ordered. 
INIcPherson led with the 17th 
corps followed by McCler- 
nand with the 13th and the 
latter by Sherman with the 1 5th. 
On the loth, McPherson with 
the advance was at Utica, and 
on the 1 2th at Raymond, 
where he met the enemy under 
Gen. John Gregg, 5, 000 strong, 
and after a severe battle, won 
a complete victory. On the 
receiving this news, Grant, who 
was with Sherman's corps, de- 
cided to turn the whole column 
toward Jackson, and endeavor- 
ed to capture that place toward 
which Johnston was believed 
to be hastening. By the after- 
noon of the 14th he was in Jack- 
son, after a sharp skirmish outside the city in which the casualties on 
both sides did not exceed a thousand. In the meantime Pemberton 
with 1 8,000 men was at Edward's depot, on the line of the Vicksburg & 
Jackson railway, endeavoring, as hesaysinhis official report, to har- 
monize the conflicting instructions he was receiving from President 
Davis, at Richmond, and Gen. Johnston at Jackson. Pemberton 
claimed that he wished to take a strong position on the line of the Big 
Black, and wait for Grant to attack him; but, in obedience to superior 
instructions, he moved out from Edward's depot toward Jackson for 
the purpose of attacking Grant in the rear while Johnston was 
flighting him in front. "Instead of this, " writes Col. Lockett, "he 
encountered Grant s victorious army returning exultant and eager 
from the capture of Jackson. Pemberton's army, which was making 
retrograde movement at the time, was put into line of battle by 
being faced to the right with infantry, artillery, baggage, and 
ordnance wagons just as they were. In a few minutes after this 



L 



Logan. 




Chinaukkky Avenue, Natioxai. Cemetery. See pajje 204. 



In AM) AnouT Vicksburg. 



59 




disposition was made, his extreme left, previously the head of his 
column, was actively engaged with largely superior numbers. 
Under all the circumstances the Confederates made a gallant fight, 
but they were driven from the field with heavy loss in killed, 
wounded, and captured, and a considerable loss of arms and ammu- 
nition. " Such, in a few words, was the battle of Champion's Hill. 

Pemberton, driven from 
the field, retreated to the 
Big Black and took position 
at the bridge, from which 
he was driven the following 
morning, while Loring, 
after losing the most of 
his guns and wagons, suc- 
ceeded in eluding the 
Union army, and joined 
Johnston a few days later 
at Jackson. From this 
moment, Vicksburg was 
doomed. Pemberton, 
against his own judgment, 
^ as he says, hurried to the 

^ J?-- city, and orders were issued 

' ^ to put the place in the 

-^ best possible state of de- 

fence. Mr. Davis had tele- 
'. -' graphedhim to "hold Vicks- 

burg at all hazards," and 
LocKETT. t^hat, if besieged, he would 

be speedily relieved. The whole community at once turned 'out in 
fatigue parties, and before nightfall of the i6th work was under way 
all along the lines of defence. The Parrot guns, siege-pieces and 
field artillery was moved from the river front to the rear line, until 
I02 guns has been put in position ; abattis of fallen trees and tele- 
graph wires protected the front; obstructions of every description 
were constructed as strongly as the hurried circumstances would 
permit, while the coast guns at the river batteries were manned by 
every available soldier and citizen. Pemberton's force was some- 
thing less than 33,000. The right of his line was commanded by 
Gen. C. L. Stevenson and extended from the Warrenton road to the 
railroad. Gen. John H. Forney with his division, occupied the 
centre, his line extending from the railroad to the Graveyard road, 



6o 



Tx AXD AHOUT ViCKSlURG. 



while the left was held by Gen. Martin Luther Smith's division, from 
the Graveyard road to the river. The river front and its batteries 
were under the command of Col. Edward Higgins. Such was the 
disposition of the forces in Vicksburg, when, on the i8th of May, 
1S63, ^'^^ advance of the Union army appeared on the Jackson 
road, and Grant had entered upon his final attempt to capture the 
Mississippi stronghold. The results of the first nineteen days are 
thus concisely summed up by Gen. Grant, (Personal Memoirs, vol, 
h p. 532):-- 

"The crossing of troops at 
Bruinsburg commenced April 
30th. On the 1 8th of May, the 
army was in rear of Vicksburg. 
On the 19th, just twenty days 
after the crossing, the city was 
completely invested and an.as- 
sult had been made : five distinct 
battles (besides continuous skir- 
mishing) had been fought and 
won by the Union forces ; the 
capital of the State had fallen and 
its arsenals, military manufactor- 
ies and everything useful for mil- 
itary purposes had been des- 
troyed ; an average of about one 
hundred and eighty miles had 
been marched by the troops engaged ; but five day's rations had been 
issued, and no forage ; over six thousand prisoners had been 
captured, and as many more of the enemy had been killed or 
wounded ; twenty-seven heavy cannon and sixty-one field pieces had 
fallen into our hands ; and four hundred miles of the river, from 
Vicksburg to Port Hudson, had become ours. The Union force 
that had crossed the Mississippi River up to this time was less than 
forty-three thousand men. One division of these, Blair's, only ar- 
rived in time to take part in the battle of Champion's Hill, but was 
not engaged there ; and one brigade. Ransom's, of McPherson's 
corps, reached the field after the battle. The enemy had at Vicksburg, 
Grand Gulf, Jackson, and on the roads between these places over 
sixty thousand men. They were in their own country, where no 
rear guards were necessary. The country is admirable for defence, 
but difficult for the conduct of an off'ensive campaign. All their 
troops had to be met. We were fortunate, to say the least, in 




Admiral Porter. 



In and ahout Vicksburg. 6i 

meeting them in detail : at Port Gibson seven or eight thousand ; at 
Raymond, five thousand ; at Jackson, from eight to eleven 
thousand ; at Champion's Hill, twenty-five thousand ; at the Big 
Black, four thousand. A part of those met at Jackson were all 
that was left of those encountered at Raymond. They were beaten 
in detail by a force smaller than their own, upon their own 
ground." 

THE SIEGE OPENS: 

Grant reached Vicksburg May i8th, and when his troops 
had arrived in front of the works, the investment began. The 15th 
corps (Sherman) had the right of the line, facing Smith, extend- 
ing from the river to the Graveyard road — the 17th (McPher- 
son) facing Forney, held the centre, and the 13th (McClcrna'nd, 
afterwards relieved by Ord) the left, reaching from the railroad to 
the river — in front of Stevenson. But one preliminary assault was 
attempted, and that on the night of the 22d, when the Union troops 
succeeded after hard fighting in merely reaching the parapets ; but 
at no point were they able to enter. The next morning the gun- 
boats came up the river, and the investment was complete. From 
this time forward the contest was largely one of engineering skill, 
of mining and counter-mining, of saps and parallels. The line of 
earth-works erected by the confederates and extending entirely 
around the rear of the city, was opposed by a similar line of earth- 
works erected by the Union army scarcely a rifle-shot distant, and 
this line was gradually advanced by means of saps and mines, until 
on the 4th of June, Grant had advanced his parallels, to within 150 
yards of Pemberton's lines, and four days later to within sixty feet 
of two of the most important of his salients. But these were not 
constructed without opposition. As the besiegers completed their 
mines and advanced their lines, counter-mines were thrown out to 
meet them, and these charged with powder, were exploded, destroy- 
ing their sap-rollers, filling up the saps, and compelling them to 
abandon their works. It being quite impossible to determine dis- 
tances under ground, it frequently happened that mines were pre- 
maturely exploded, and hundreds of besiegers and besieged buried 
in their ruins. On the 29th of June, the Confederates rolled a barrel 
of powder, to which a time-fuse was set, into one of the Union 
redans, which exploded with such tremendous force that timbers 
and fascins were hurled a hundred feet into the air, and many of 
the sappers killed and wounded. On the afternoon of the ist of 



62 



In and Anorx Vicksburg. 



July, the Federal engineers exploded a mine charged with 2,500 
pounds of powder, which thus suddenly created a crater twenty feet 
deep and fifty in diameter, into which they poured a terrific fire 
which killed and wounded over one huntlred of the enemy. Still 
the Federal lines continued to advance, until at many points, merely 
the thickness of the parapets was all that separated the combatants. 
Fighting with hand-grenades was all that was possible under those 
circumstances, and both armies felt that the struggle could only end 
with the death of the weaker. 

THE SURRENDER. 



But the end was at hand, 
the beseiged had been short of 
provisions for some weeks, 
and of ammunition from 
the beginning. They had 
been compelled to eat 
their mules, while of flour 
or meal the supply had been 
long exhausted. The men 
had been on duty in the 
works for weeks without 
cessation, and were so ex- 
hausted that they could 
merely stand in the trenches, 
and load and fire when occa- 
sion ottered. The works 
themselves were badly bat- 
tered : many of their guns 
dismounted, and in places 
the defences were so fragile 
that a dash would have de- 
stroyed them. There was no 
hope of Johnston's promised 
relief, and all other encouragement had long since departed from their 
thoughts. On the night of the 2d of July, Pemberton called a 
council of war and laid all the situation and its alternatives before his 
officers. The vote was taken on the question of surrender and all 
but two present voted aye. The die was cast ; resistance was no 
longer possible, and further sacrifice unavailing. At 10 o'clock on 




J. K. Johnston 




Terrace Drive in Natkinal Cemetery. See page 204. 



In and about Vicksburg. 65 

the morning of the 3d a white Hag appeared on the Confederate 
works, and a moment later firing had ceased, to be renewed no more 
at Vicksburg.* The following correspondence tells the story of the 
fall of the city in words more concise and effectual than any other 
language could hope to convey. 

(Pemberton to Grant July 3, 1863). 

"I have the honor to propose an armistice for — hours, with 
the view to arranging terms for the capitulation of Vicksburg. To 
this end, if agreeable to you, I will appoint three commissioners, 
to meet a like number to be named by yourself, at such place 
and hour to-day as you may find convenient. I make this proposi- 
tion to save the further effusion of blood, which must otherwise be 
shed to a frightful extent, feeling myself fully able to maintain my 
position for a yet indefinite period. This communication will be 
handed you, under a flag of truce, by Major General John S. 
Bowen. 

(Grant to Pemberton). 

' ' Your note of this date is just received, proposing an armistice 
for several hours, for the purpose of arranging terms of capitulation 
through commissioners to be appointed, etc. The useless effusion 
of blood you propose stopping by this course can be ended at any 
time you may choose, by the unconditional surrender of the city 
and garrison. Men who have shown so much endurance and cour- 
age as those now in Vicksburg, will always challenge the respect of 
an adversary, and I can assure you will be treated with all the re- 
spect due to prisoners-of-war. I do not favor the proposition of 
appointing commissioners to arrange the terms of capitulation, be- 
cause I have no terms other than those indicated above." 

*In Gen. Pemberton's report, made a year later, he thus explains his 
reasons : — 

" Knowing the anxious desire of the Government to relieve Vicksburg I felt 
assured that, if within the compass of its power, the siege would be raised ; but, 
when forty-seven days and nights had passed, with the knowledge 1 then possessed 
that no adequate relief was to be expected, I felt that I ought not longer to place 
in jeopardy the brave men whose lives had been intrusted to my care. Hence, 
after the suggestion of the alternative of cutting my way out, I determined to 
make terms, not because my men were starved out, not because I could not hold 
out yet a little longer, but because they were overpowered by numbers, worn 
out with fatigue, and each day saw our defenses crumbling beneath our feet . . . 
With an unlimited supply of provisions, the garrision could, for the reasons already 
given, have held out much longer," 



66 In and about VicKSBifRc;. 

((jrant to rcmberton.) 

"In conformity with agreement of this afternoon, I will submit 
the following proposition for the surrender of the City of Vicksburg, 
public stores, etc. On your acce{)ting the terms proposed, I will 
march in one division as a guard, and take possession at eight A. M, 
to-morrow. As soon as the rolls can be made out, and paroles be 
signed by officers and men, you will be allowed to march out of our 
lines, the officers taking with them their side arms and clothing, 
and the field, staff and cavalry officers one horse each. The rank 
and file will be allowed all their clothing, but no other property. 
If these conditions are accepted, any amount of rations you may 
deem necessary can be taken from the stores you now have, and 
also the necessary cooking utensils for preparing them. Thirty 
wagons also, counting two-horse oi mule teams as one, will be al- 
lowed to transport such articles as cannot be carried along. The 
same conditions will be allowed to all sick and wounded officers 
and soldiers as fast as they become able to travel. The paroles of 
these latter must be signed, however, whilst officers present are au- 
thorized to sign the rolls of prisoners." 

(Pemberton to Grant.) 

"I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your communi" 
cation of this date, proposing terms of capitulation for this garrison 
and post. In the main your terms are accepted ; but, in justice 
both to the honor and spirit of my troops, manifested in the defense 
of Vicksburg, I have to submit the following amendments, which 
if acceded to by you, will perfect the agreement between us. At 
ten o'clock A. M. to-morrow, I propose to evacuate the works in 
and around Vicksburg, and to surrender the city and garrison under 
my command, by marching out with my colors and arms, stacking 
them in front of my present lines. After which you will take pos- 
session. Officers to retain their side arms, and personal property, 
and the rights and property of citizens to be respected. 

(Grant to Pemberton, July 4th). 

"I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your communi- 
cation of 3rd July. The amendment proposed by you cannot be ac- 
ceded to in full. It will be necessary to furnish every officer and 
man with a parole signed by himself, which, with the completion 
of the rolls of prisoners will necessarily take some time. Again, i 



In and about Vicksburg. 69 

can make no stipulation with regard to the treatment of citizens 
and their private property. While I do not propose to cause them 
any undue annoyance or loss, I cannot consent to leave myself under 
any restraint by stipulations. The property which officers will be 
allowed to take with them will be as stated in my proposition of 
last evening; that is, officers will be allowed their private baggage 
and side arms, and mounted officers one horse each. If you mean by 
your proposition for each brigade to march to the front of the lines 
now occupied by it, and stack arms at ten o'clock A. M. , and then 
return to the inside and there remain as prisoners until properly 
paroled, I will make no objection to it. Should no notification be 
received of your acceptence of my terms by nine o'clock A. M.. I 
shall regard them as having been rejected, and shall act accordingly. 
Should these terms be accepted, white flags should be displayed 
along your lines to prevent such of my troops as may not have 
been notified, from firing upon your men. 



The terms were promptly accepted by Pemberton, and thus ended 
the famous siege of Vicksburg. Gen. Grant says that "on the 4th, 
at the appointed hour, the garrison of Vicksburg marched out of 
their works, and formed line in front, stacked arms, and marched 
back in good order. Our whole army present witnessed this scene 
without cheering.'" " But my recollection is, " wr;tes Col. Lockett, 
"that on our right a hearty cheer was given by one Federal division, 
for the gallant defenders of Vicksburg. '" 



VICKSBURG.— A BALLAD. 



BY PAUL H. HAYNE. 



For sixty days and upward 
A storm of shell and shot 
Rained around us in a flaming shower, 
But still we faltered not. 
" If the noble city perish," 

Our grand young leader said, 
" Let the only walls the foe shall scale 
Be the ramparts of the dead." 

II. 

For sixty days and upward 

The eye of heaven waxed dim, 
And even throughout God's holy morn, 

O'er Christian's prayer and hymn, 
Arose a hissing tumult, 

As if the fiends in air 
Strove to engulf the voice of faith 

In the shriekof their despair. 

III. 

There was wailing in the houses. 

There was trembling on the marts. 
While the tempest raged and thundered 

'Mid the silent thrill of hearts ; 
But the Lord, our shield, was with us, 

And ere a month had sped, 
Our very women walked the streets 

With scarce one thought of dread. 

IV. 

And the little children gambolled. 

Their laces purely raised. 
Just for a wondering moment. 

As the huge bomb whirled and blozed ; 
Then turned with silvery laughter 

To the sports which children love. 
Thrice mailed in the sweet, instinctive thought. 

That the good God watched above. 




RoSI'-, AVKNUK, NaI'IOXAI. CI'.MKTKKV. Sec l)a,^C 2()J. 



In and about Vicksburg. 73 



Yet the hailing bolts fell faster, 

From scores of flame-clad ships, 
And about us, denser, darker, 

Grjw the conflict's wild eclipse, 
'Till a solid cloud closes o'er us, 

Like a type of doom and ire. 
Whence shot a thousand quivering tongues, 

Of forked and vengeful fire. 

VI. 

But the unseen hands of angels 

Those death shafts turned aside, 
And the dove of heavenly mercy 

Ruled o'er the battle tide ; 
In the houses ceased wailing, 

And though the war-scarred marts. 
The people strode, with step of hope. 

To the music in their hearts. 



74 



In and about Vicksburg. 



ORGANIZATION OF THE UNION FORCES. 

Operating against Vicksburg, Maj. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant, U. S. 
Army, commanding, May i8-July 4, 1863. 



ARMY OF THE TENNESSEE. 

Major General Ulysses S. Grant. 

Escort. 

4th Illinois Cavalry, Company A, Capt. Embury D. Osband. 

Engineers. 

1st Battalion Engineer Regiment of the West, Maj. Wm. Tweedale. 



First Brigade. 
Col. Henry Bcavman. 

36th Massachusetts, Lieut. Col. 
John B. Norton. 

17th Michigan, Lieut. Col. Con- 
stant Luce. 

27th Michigan, Col. Dorus M. 
Fox. 

45th Pennsylvania, Col. John I. 
Curtin. 



NINTH ARMY CORPS. 
Major General John G. Parke. 

First Division. 
Brii;. Gen. Thomas Welsh. 

Third Brigade. 
Col. Daniel Lea sure. 

2d Michigan, Col. Wm. Hum- 
phrey. 
8th Michigan, Col. Frank Graves. 
20th Michigan, Lieut. Col. W. 

Huntington Smith. 
79th New York, Col. David Mor-< 

rison. 
1 00th Pennsylvania, Lieut. Col. 
Matthew M. Dawson. 
Artillery. 
Pennsylvania Light Battery D, Capt. George W. Durrell. 
Second Division. 
Brig. Gen. Robert B. Potter. 
First Brigade. 
Col. Simon G. Griffin. 
6th New Hampshire, Lieut. Col. Henry H. Pearson. 
9th New Hampshire, Col. Herbert B. Titus. 
7th Rhode Island, Col. Zenas R. Bliss. 



In and akout \'k'ksi3urg. 75 

Second Brigade. 
Brig. Gen. Edward Ferrero. 
35th Massachusetts, Col. Sumner Carruth. 
nth New Hampshire, Lieut. Col. Moses N. Collins. 
51st New York, Col. Chas. W. LeGendre. 
51st Pennsylvania, Col. John F. Hartranft. 
Third Brigade. 
Col. Benjamin C. Christ. 
29th Massachusetts, Lieut. Col. Joseph PJ. Barnes. 
46th New York, Col. Joseph Gerhardt. 
50th Pennsylvania, Lieut. Col. Thomas S. Brenholtz. 

Artillery. 
2d New York Light Artillery, Battery L, Capt. Jacob Roemer. 

Artillery Reserve. 
2d United States, Battery E, Lieut. Samuel N. Benjamin. 

THIRTEENTH ARMY CORPS. 

MaJ. Gen John A. jMcClernand. 
Maj. Gen. Edivard 0. C Ord 
Escort. 
3d Illinois Cavalry, Company L, Capt. David R. Sparks. 

Pioneers. 

Kentucky Infantry (Independent Company) Capt. Wm. F. 

Patterson. 

Ninth Division. 
Brig. Gen. Peler J. Osferhaus. 



First Brigade. 
Col. James Keigwin. 

1 1 8th Illinois, Col. John G. 

Fonda. 
49th Indiana, Lieut. Col. Joseph 

H. Thornton. 
69th Indiana, Lieut. Col. Oran 

Perry. 
7th Kentuckv, Col. Reuben May. 
1 20th Ohio', Col. Marcus M. 

Spiegel. 



Second Brigade. 
Col. Daniel W. Lindsey. 

54th Indiana, Col. Fielding 
Mansfield. 

22d Kentucky, Lieut. Col. George 
W. Monroe. 

i6th Ohio, Major Milton Mills. 

4 2d Ohio, Col. Lionel A. Shel- 
don. 

114th Ohio, Lieut. Col. John H. 
Kelly. 



76 In and about Vicksburg. 

Cavalry. 
2d Illinois (five companies), Lieut. Col. Daniel B. Bush, Jr. 
3d Illinois (three companies), Capt. John L. Campbell. 
6th Missouri (seven companies). Col. Clark Wright. 

Artillery. 

Capt. Jacob T. Foster. 

Michii^an Light, 7th Battery, Capt. Chas. H. Lanphere. 

Wisconsin Light, ist Battery, Lieut. Oscar F. Nutting. 

Tenth Division. 
Brig. Gen. Andretv J. Smith. 

Escort. 
4th Indiana Cavalry, Company C, Capt. Andrew P. Gallagher. 



Second Brigade. 
Col. William J. Landram. 

77th Illinois, Col. David P. Grier. 
97th Illinois, Lieut. Col. Lewis 

D. Martin. 
130th Illinois, Col. Nathaniel 

Miles. 
19th Kentucky, Maj. Josiah H. 

Mann. 
48th Ohio, Col. Peter J. Sullivan. 



First Brigade. 
Brig. Gen. Stephen G. Burbridge 

1 6th Indiana, Major James H. 
Redfield. 

60th Indiana, Col. Richard Owen. 

67th Indiana, Lieut. Col. Theo- 
dore E. Buehler. 

83d Ohio, Col. Frederick W. 
INIoore. 

96th Ohio, Co\. Joseph W\ Vance. 

23d Wisconsin, Lieut. Col. Wm. 
F. Vilas. 

Artillery. 

Illinois Light, Chicago Mercantile Battery, Capt. Patrick H. White. 

Ohio Light, 17th Battery, Capt. Chas. S. Rice. 

Twelfth Division. 
Brig. Gen. Alvin P. Havey. 

Escort, 
ist Indiana Cavalry, Company C, Lieut. James L. Carey. 




u 



In and about Vuksburg. 



79 



First Iikkiadk. 
Brig. Gen. (reorge F. McGimiis. 

nth Indiana, Lieut. Col. William 

W. Darnall. 
24th Indiana, Cul. William T. 

Spicely. 
34th Indiana, Col. Robert A. 

Cameron. 
46th Indiana, Col. Thomas H. 

Bringliurst. 
29th Wisconsin, Lieut. Col. \Vm. 

A. Greene. 



Second Bricade. 
Col. James R. Slack. 

87th Illinois, Cul. John E. 

Whiting. 
47th Indiana, Lieut. Col. John 

A. McLaughlin. 
24th Iowa, Lieut. Col. John G. 

Wilds. 
28th Iowa, Col. John Connell. 
56th Ohio, Col. William H. 

Ray nor. 



Artillery. 

I St Missouri Light, Battery A, Capt. George W. Schofield. 
Ohio Light, 2d Battery, Lieut. Augustus Beach. 
Ohio Light, 1 6th Battery, Lieut. Russell P. Twist. 



Fourteenth Division. 
Brig. Gen. Eugene A. Carr. 



First Brigade. 

Col. David Shunk. 

33d Illinois, Col. Charles E. 

Lippincott. 
99th Illinois, Lieut. Col. Lemuel 

Parke. 
8th Indiana, Maj. Thomas J. 

Brady. 
1 8th Indiana, Capt. Jonathan H. 

Williams. 
1st United States (siege guns). 

Maj. Maurice Maloney. 



Second Brigade. 

Brig Ge7i. Michael K. Laivkr. 

2ist Iowa, Maj. Salue G. Van 

Anda. 
2 2d Iowa, Capt. Charles N. Lee. 
23d Iowa, Col. Samuel L. Glas- 
gow. 
nth Wisconsin, Maj. Arthur 
Piatt. 



Artillery. 
2d Illinois Light, Battery A, Lieut. Frank B. Fenton. 
Indiana Light, ist Battery, Captain Martin Klauss. 



So 



1\ AM) AHOUT ViCKSBURG. 



FIFTEENTH ARIMV CORPS. 
Maj. Gen. William T. Shirnian. 

First Division. 
MaJ. Gen. Frederick Steele. 



First Brigade. 
Col. Bernard G. Farrar. 

13 th Illinois, Col. Atlam B. 
Gorgas. 

27th Missouri, Col. Thomas 
Curly. 

29th Missouri, Col. James Peck- 
ham. 

30th Missouri, Lieut. Col. Otto 
Schadt. 

31st Missouri, Lieut. Col. Samuel 
P. Simpson. 

32d Missouri, INIaj. Abraham J. 
Seay. 



Second Brigade. 
Cfll. Charles K. Woods. 

25th Iowa, Col. George A. 
Stone. 

31st Iowa, Maj. Theodore Stim- 
ming. 

3d Missouri, Lieut. Col. Theo- 
dore Meumann. 

1 2th Missouri, Col. Hugo Wan- 
gelin. 

17th Missouri, Lieut. Col. John 
F. Cramer. 

76th Ohio, Lieut. Col. Wm. B 
Woods. 



Third Brigade. 

Brig. Ge?i. John M. Thayer, 

4th Iowa, Lieut. Col. George Burton. 

9th Iowa, Col. David Carskaddon. 

26th Iowa, Col. Milo Smith. 

30th Iowa, Col. William 1\I. G. Torrence. 

Artillery. 
Iowa Light, ist Battery, Capt. Henry H. Griffiths. 
2d INIissouri Light, Battery F, Capt. Clemens Landgraeber. 
Ohio Light, 4th Battery, Capt. Louis Hoflfmann. 

Cavalry. 

Kane County, (Illinois^ Independent Company, Lieut. Thomas. J. 

Beebe. 

3(1 Illinois, Company D. Lieut. Jonathan Kershner. 

Second Division. 
Maj. Gen. Frank P. Blair. 




Scene in National Cemetery. See page 204. 



Ik and A150UT Vu'KSBl'RG. 



8^. 



Second Ijricade. 

Brig. Gen. Joseph A. J. Lightbur7i. 

55tli Illinois, Col. Oscar Malm- 
bo rg. 

127th Illinois, Col. Hamilton L. 
Elbridge. 

83d Indiana, Col. Benjamin J. 
Spooner. 

54th Ohio, Lieut. Col. Cyrus \V. 
Fisher. 

57th Ohio, Lieut. Col. Samuel 
R. Mott. 



First Hricade. 

Col. Giles A. Smith. 

113th Illinois, Lieut. Col. John 

W. Paddock. 
1 1 6th Illinois, Col. Nathan W. 

Tupper. 
6th Missouri, Col. James H. 

Blood. 
Sth Missouri, Lieut. Col. David 

C. Coleman. 
13th United States, ist Battalion, 

Capt. Charles C. Smith. 

Third Brigade. 
Brig. Gen. Hugh Ewing. 
30th Ohio, Col. Theodore Jones. 
37th Ohio, Col. Edward Siber. 
47th Ohio, Col. Augustus C. Parry. 
4th West Virginia, Col. James H. Dayton. 

Artillery. 
I St Illinois Light, Battery A, Capt. Peter P. Wood. 
1st Illinois Light, Battery B, Lieut. Israel P. Rumsey. 
1st Illinois Light, Battery H, Capt. Levi H. Hart. 
Ohio Light, Sth Battery, Capt. James F. Putnam. 
Cavalry. 
Thielemann's (Illinois) Battalion, Companies A and B, Capt. INIilo, 

Thielemann. 

loth Missouri, Company C, Lieut. Benjamin Joel. 

Third Division. 

Brig. Gen. James M. Tiittle. 



First Brigade. 
Brig. Gen. Ralph P. Buckland. 
114th Illinois, Col. James W. 

Judy. 
93d Indiana, Col. DeWitt C. 

Thomas. 
72d Ohio, INIaj. Charles G. 

Eaton. 
95th Ohio, Lieut. Col. Jefferson 

Brumback. 



Second Brigade. 

Brig. Gen. Jos. A. Moiver. 
47th Illinois, Lieut. Col. Samuel 

R. Baker. 
5th Minnesota, Col. Lucius F. 

Hubbard, 
nth Missouri, Lieut. Col. Wil 

Ham L. Barnum. 
8th Wisconsin, Col. Geo. W. 

Robbins, 



84 In and Aiiorr Vicksbirg. 

Third Brigade. 
Col. Joseph J. Woods. 
8th Iowa, Col. James L. Geddes. 
1 2th Iowa, Lieut. Col. Samuel R. Edgington. 
35th Iowa, Col. Sylvester (j. Hill. 

Artillery. 
Capt. Nelson T. Spoor. 
1st Illinois Light, Battery E, Capt. Allen C. W aterhouse. 
Iowa Light, 2d Battery, Lieut. Joseph R. Reed. 

Unattached Cavalry. 
4th Iowa, Lieut. Col. Simeon D. Swan. 



SIXTEENTH ARMY CORPS. 

(Detachment). 

MaJ. Gen. Cadivalladcr C. Washburn. 

FiRsr Division. 

Brig. Gen. William Sooy Smilh. 

Escort. 

7th Illinois Cavalry, Company B, Capt. Henry C. Forbes. 



First Brigade. 
Col. John M. Loomis. 

26th Illinois, Maj. John B. 
Harris. 

90th Illinois, Col. Timothy 
O'Meara. 

1 2th Indiana, Col. Reuben Wil- 
liams. 

looth Indiana, Lieut. Col. Albert 
Heath. 



Second Brigade. 

Col. Stephen G. Hicks. 

40th Illinois, Maj. Hiram W. 

Hall. 
103d Illinois, Col. Willard A. 

Dickerman. 
15th Michigan, Col. John M. 

Oliver. 
46th Ohio, Col. Charles W. 

Walcutt. 



In and ABOl'T ViCKSBURG. 



Third Brigade. 

Col. Joseph R. Cockerill. 

97th Indiana, Col. Robert F. 

Catterson. 
99th Indiana, Col. Alexander 

Fowler. 
53d Ohio, Col. Wells S. Jones. 
70th Ohio, Maj. William B. 
Brown. 



Fourth Brigade. 

Col. William W. San/ord. 

6th Iowa, Col. John M. Corse. 
48th Illinois, Lieut. Col. Lucien 
(ireathouse. 



Artillery. 
Capl. William Coggswell. 

1st Illinois Light, Battery F, Capt. John T. Cheney. 
1st Illinois Light, Battery I, Lieut. William N. Lansing. 
Illinois Light, Coggswell's Battery, Lieut. Henry G. Eddy. 
Indiana Light, 6th Battery, Capt. Michael Mueller. 



Fourth Division. 
Brig. Gen. Jacob G. Lauman. 



First Brigade. 
Col. Isaac C. Pugh. 

41st Illinois, Lieut. Col. John 

H. Nale. 
53d Illinois, Lieut. Col. Seth C. 

Earl. 
3d Iowa, Col. Aaron Brown. 
33d Wisconsin, Col. Jonathan 

B. Moore. 



Second Brigade. 

Col. Cyrus Hall. 

14th Illinois, Capt. Augustus H. 

Corn man. 
15th Illinois, Capt. Geo. C. 

Rogers. 
46th Illinois, Col. Benjamin 

Dornblaser. 
76th Illinois, Col. Samuel T. 

Busey. 
53d Indiana, Col. Walter Q. 

Gresham. 



Third Brigade. 

Col. Armory K. Johnson. 

28th Illinoi-s, Maj. Hinman Rhodes. 
32d Illinois, Lieut. Col. William Hunter. 
1 2th Wisconsin, Col. George E. Bryant, 



86 In and about VicksbuHg. 

Cavalry. 
15th Illinois, Companies F and I, Maj. James G. Wilson. 

Artillery. 
Capt. George C. Gumhart. 
2d Illinois Light, Battery E, Lieut. George L. Nispel. 
2d Illinois Light, Battery K, Capt. Benjamin F. Rodgers. 
Ohio Light, 5th Battery, Lieut. Anthony B. Burton. 
Ohio Light, 7th Battery, Capt. Silas A. Burnap. 
Ohio Light, 15th Battery, Capt. Edward Spear, Jr. 

Provisional Division. 
Brig. Gen. Nathan Kimball. 



Richmond's Brigade. 
i8th Illinois, Col. Daniel H. 

Brush. 
54th Illinois, Col. Greenville M. 

Mitchell. 
126th Illinois, ]\Iaj. William W. 

Wilshire. 
22d Ohio, Col. Oliver Wood. 



Engelmann's Brigade. 
43d Illinois, Lieut. Col. Adolph 

Dengler. 
6ist Illinois, INIajor Simon P. 

Ohr. 
io6th Illinois, Maj. John H. 

Hurt. 
1 2th Michigan, Col. William H. 
Graves. 

Montgomery's Brigade. 
Col. Milton Montgomery. 
40th Iowa, Col. John A. Garrett. 
3d Minnesota, Col. Chauncey W. Griggs. 
25th Wisconsin, Lieut. Col. Samuel J. Nasmith. 
27th Wisconsin, Col. Conrad Krez. 

SEVENTEENTH ARMY CORPS. 
Maj. Gen. James B. McPherson. 

Escort. 
4th Company Ohio Cavalry, Capt. John S. Foster. 

Third Division. 
Maj. Gen. John A. Logan. 

Escort. 
2(1 Illinois Cavalry, Company A, Lieut. Wm. B. Cummins. 



First Brigade. 

Brig. Gen. Mortimer D. Leggett. 

20th Illinois, Maj. Daniel Brad- 
lev. 

31st Illinois, Maj. Robert N. 
Pierson. 

45th Illinois, Col. Jasper A. 
Maltby. 

124th Illinois, Col. Thomas J. 
Sloan. 

23d Indiana, Lieut. Col. William 
P. Davis. 

Third Brigade 



In and about Vicksburg. S7 

Second Brigade. 
Col. Mannijisr. F. Force. 



30th Illinois, Lieut. Col. Warren 
Shedd. 

20th Ohio, Capt. Francis M. 
Shaklee. 

68th Ohio, Col. Robert K. Scott. 

78th Ohio, Lieut. Col. Green- 
berry F. Wiles. 



Brig Gen. John D. S/evenson. 

8th Illinois, Lieut. Col. Robert H. Sturgess. 

17th Illinois, Lieut. Col. Francis jVI. Smith. 
8ist Illinois, Col. Franklin Campbell. 
7th Missouri, Capt. William B. Collins. 
32d Ohio, Col. Benjamin F. Potts. 

Artillery. 

MaJ. Charles/. Strolbrand. 

ist Illinois Light, Battery D, Capt. Frederick Sparrestrom. 
2d Illinois Light, Battery G, Lieut. John W. Lowell. 
2d Illinois Light, Battery L, Capt. William H. Bolton. 
Michigan Light, 8th Battery, Lieut. Theodore W. Lockwood. 
Ohio Light, 3d Battery, Capt. William S. Williams. 



SIXTH DIVISION. 

Brig. Gen. John JMcArthur. 

Escort. 

nth Illinois Cavalry, Company G, Lieut. Stephen S. Tripp. 



88 



In and about Vicksburg. 



First Brigade. 

Brig. Gen. Hugh T. Reid. 

I St Kansas, Col. William Y. 

Roberts. 
1 6 Wisconsin, Col. Benjamin 
Allen. 

Second Brigade. 
Brig. Gen. Thomas E. G. Ramson. 
nth Illinois, Lieut. Col. James 
H. Coates. 



Second Brigade. 
(cont'd) 

72d Illinois, Col. Fred'k A. Star- 
ring. 

95th Illinois, Col. Thomas W. 
Humphrey. 

14th Wisconsin, Col. Lyman M. 
Ward. 

17th Wisconsin. Col. Adam G. 
M alloy. 

Third Brigade. 
Col. Alexander Chambers. 
nth Iowa, Col. William Hall 
13th Iowa, Col. John Shane. 
15th Iowa, Col. William W. Belknap. 
1 6th Iowa, Lieut. Col. Addison H. Sanders. 

Artillery. 

Maj. Thomas D. Maurice. 

2d Illinois Light, Battery F, Capt. John W. Powell. 
Minnesota Light, ist Battery, Capt. William Z. Clayton, 
ist Missouri Light, Battery C, Capt. Charles Mann. 
Ohio Light, loth Battery, Lieut. William L. Newcomb. 



SEVENTH DIVISION. 

Brig. Gen. John E. Smith. 

Escort. 

4th Missouri Cavalry, Company F, Lieut. Alexander Mueller. 



First Brigade. 
Col. John B. Sanborn. 

48th Indiana, Col. Norman 
Eddy. 

59th Indiana, Col. Jesse I. Alex- 
ander. 

4th Minnesota, Lieut. Col. John 
E. Tourtellotte. 

1 8th Wisconsin, Col. Gabriel 
Bouck. 



Second Brigade. 

Col. Green B. Raum, 

56th Illinois, Capt. Pincknev J. 

Welsh. 
17th Iowa, Maj. John F. Walden. 
loth Missouri, IVIaj. Francis C. 

Deimling. 
24th Missouri, Company E. 

Lieut. Daniel Driscoll. 
Soth Ohio, Maj. Prcn Mctliam. 



In and AHorr Vicksburg. 89 

Third Brigade. 

Brig. Gen. Charles L. Alaithics. 

93d Illinois, Col. Holden Putnam. 
5th Iowa, Col. Jabez Banbury, 
loth Iowa, Col. William E. Small. 
26th Missouri, Capt. Benjamin D. Dean. 

Artillery. 

Capt. Hairy Dillon. 

ist Missouri Light, Battery M, Lieut. Junius W. McMurray. 
Ohio Light, nth Battery, Lieut. Fletcher E. Armstrong. 
Wisconsin Light, 6th Battery, Lieut. Samuel F. Clark. 
Wisconsin Light, 12th Battery, Capt. William Zickerick. 



First Brigade. 
Brig. Gen. William ]"andever. 

37th Illinois, Col. John C. 
Black. 

26th Indiana, Col. John G. 
Clark. 

20th Iowa, Col. William McE. 
Dye. 

38th Iowa, Col. D. Henry 
Hughes. 

1st Missouri Light Artillery, Bat- 
tery E, Capt. Nelson Cole. 

ist Missouri Light Artillery, Bat- 
tery F, Capt. Joseph Foust. 



HERRONS DIVISION. 
MaJ. Gen. Francis /. Her r on. 

Second Brigade. 



Brig. Gen. William W. Orme. 

94th Illinois, Col. John McNulta. 

19th Iowa, Lieut. Col. Daniel 
Kent. 

20th Wisconsin, Col. Henry 
Bertram. 

ist Missouri Light Artillery, Bat- 
tery B, Capt. Martin Welfley. 



Unattached Cavalry. 
Col. Cyrus Bussey. 
5th Illinois, Maj. Thomas A. Apperson. 
3rd Iowa, Maj. Oliver H. P. Scott. 
2d Wisconsin, Col. Thomas Stephens. 



go In' and AHOIT N'lCKSBLRG. 

DISTRICT NORTHEAST LOUISIANA. 
Brig. Gen. Elias S. Dennis. 

Detached Brigade. 
Col. George W. Neeley. 

63d Illinois, Col. Joseph B. JMcCown. 
108th Illinois, Lieut. Col. Charles Turner. 
1 20th Illinois, Col. George W. INIcKeaig. 
131st Illinois, ]\Iaj. Joseph L. Purvis, 
loth Illinois Cavalry, Companies A, D, G, and K, 
Maj. Elvis P. Shaw. 

African Brigade. 
Col. I a sac F. Shepard. 

Post of ^Milliken's Bend, La. 
Col. Hiram Scofield. 
8th Louisiana, Col. Hiram Scofield. 
9th Louisiana, Lieut. Col. Charles J. Paine, 
nth Louisiana, Lieut. Col. Cyrus Sears. 
13th Louisiana, Lieut. H. Knoll. 
I St Mississippi, Lieut. Col. A. Watson Webber. 
3d Mississippi, Col. Richard H. Ballinger. 

Post of Goodrich's Landing, La. 
Col. William F. Wood. 

ist Arkansas, Lieut. Col. James W. Campbell, 
loth Louisiana, Lieut. Col. Frederick M. Crandall. 



In and about Vicksburg. 



9 1 



ORGANIZATION OF THE CONFEDERATE ARMY OF 
VICKSBURG. 

Lieut. Gen. John C. Pemberton commanding, July 4, 1863. 



STEVENSon's Division. 



Maj. Gai. C. L. Stevmsoti. 



First Brigade. 

Brig. Gen S. J\f. Bar ion 

40th Georgia, Lieut. Col. R. M. 

Young. 
41st Georgia, Col. William E. 

Curtiss. 
4 2d Georgia, Col. R. J. Hen- 
derson. 



Capt. RI. M. 

Maj. John Jay 



43d Georgia, 
Grantham. 

5 2d Georgia, 
Moore. 

Hudson's (Mississippi) Battery, 
Lieut. Milton H. Trantham. 

Pointe Coupee (Louisiana) Ar- 
tillery, Company C, Capt. 
Alex, Chust. 

Pointe Coupee (Louisiana) Ar- 
tillery, Company A, (section) 
Lieut. John Yoist. 

Second Brigade. 
Brig. Gen. Alfred Ctimming. 

34th Georgia, Col. James A. W. 
Johnson. 

36th Georgia, Maj. Charles E. 
Broyles. 

39th Georgia, Lieut. Col. J. F. 
B. Jackson. 

56th Georgia, Lieut. Col. J. T. 
Slaughter. 



57th Georgia, Col. William Bar- 

kuloo. 
Cherokee (Georgia) Artillery 

Capt. M. Van Den Corput. 

Third Brigade. 

Brig. Gen. S. D. Lee. 

20th Alabama, Col. Edmund W. 

Pettus. 
23d Alabama, Col. F. K. Beck. 
30th Alabama, Capt. John C. 

Francis. 
31st Alabama, Lieut. Col. T. M. 

Arrington. 
46th Alabama, Capt George E. 

Brewer. 
Alabama Battery, Capt. J. F. 

Waddell. 

Fourth Brigade. 

Col. A. W. Raynolds. 

3d Tennessee (Provisional Army), 

Col. N. J. Lillard. 
39th Tennessee, Col. Wm. M. 

Bradford. 
43d Tennessee, Col. James W. 

Gillespie. 
59th Tennessee, Col. William L. 

F2akin. 
3d Maryland Battery, Capt. John 

B. Rowan. 



92 



In and ahout Vicksiuk(;. 



Wauls Texas Legion. 
Col. T. N. Waul 
ist Battalion (infantry), Maj. Eugene S. Bulling. 
2d Battalion (infantry), Lieut. Col. James Wrigley. 
Cavalry Battalion, Lieutenant Thomas j. Cleveland. 
Artillery Company, Capt. J. Q. Wall. 

Attached. 

1st Tennessee Cavalry (Carter's regiment), Comi)any C, Capt. R. 

S. Vandyke. 
Botetourt (Virginia) Artillery, Lieut. James P. Wright. 
Signal Corps, Lieut. C. H. Barrot. 

Forney's Division. 

Maj. Gen. John H. Forney. 

Hebert's Brigade. 

Briir. Gen. Louis JIcberL 



3d Louisiana, Maj. David Pier- 
son. 

2 1st Louisiana, Lieut. Col. J. T. 
Plattsmier. 

36th Mississippi, Col. W. W. 
Witherspoon. 

37th Mississippi, Col. O. S. Hol- 
land. 

28th Mississippi, Capt. D. B. 
Seal. 

Moore's Brigade. 



43d Mississippi, Col. Richard 

Harrison. 
7th Mississippi Battalion, Capt. 

A. M. Dozier. 
2d Alabama Artillery Battalion, 

Company C, Lieut. John R. 

Sclater. 
Appeal (Arkansas) Battery, Lieut. 

R. N. Cotten. 



37th Alabama, Col. J. F. Dow- 
dell. 

40th Alabama, Col. John H. 
Higley. 

42d Alabama, Col. John W. 
Portis. 

ist Mississippi Light Artillerv, 
Col. William T. Withers. 

35th Mississippi, Lieut. Col. C. 
R. Jordan. 



Brig. Gen. John C. Moore. 

40th Mississippi, Col. B. Col- 
bert. 

2d Texas, Col. Ashbel Smith. 

Alabama Battery, Capt. H. H. 
Sengstak. 

Pointe Coupee (Louisiana) Artil- 
lery, Company B, Capt. Will- 
iam A. Davidson. 



In and ABOl'T ViCKSBURG. 

Smith's Division. 
Maj. Gen. M. I.. Smith. 



95 



Baldwin's Brigade. 

Brig. Gen. W. E. Baldwin. 

17th Louisiana, Col. Robert 

Richanison. 
31st Louisiana, Lieut. Col. James 

W. Draughon. 
4th Mississippi, Capt. Thomas P. 

Nelson. 
46th Mississippi, Col. C. W. 
Sears. 

Vaughn's Brigade. 

Brig. Gen. J. C. Vaughn. 

60th Mississippi, Capt. J. W. 

Bachman. 
6 1 St Tennessee, Lieut. Col. James 

G. Rose. 
62cl Tennessee, Col. John A. 
Rowan. 

Attached 



Shoup's Brigade. 
Brig. Gen. Francis A. Shoup. 

26th Louisiana, Lieut. Col. Will- 
iam C. Crow. 

27th Louisiana, Capt. Joseph T. 
Hatch. 

28th (29th) Louisiana, Col. Al- 
len Thomas. 

McNally's (Arkansas) liattery, 
Capt. Joseph T. Match. 



Mississippi State Troops. 
Brig. Gen. John J\ Harris. 

5th Regiment, Col. H. C. Robin- 
sun. 

3(1 Battalion, Lieut. Col. Thomas 
A. A. Burarin. 



14th Mississippi Light Artillery, Maj. M. S. Ward. 
Mississippi Partisan Rangers, Capt. J. S. Smyth. 
Signal Corps, Max. T. Davidson. 

Bowen's Division. 
AfaJ. Gen. John. S. Bmven. 



First (Missouri) Brkiade. 
Col. Francis j\I. Cocker ell. 



I St Missouri, Col. A. C. Riley. 

2d Missouri, Maj. Thomas AL 
Carter. 

3d Missouri, Maj. J. K. Mc- 
Dowell. 

5tli Missouri, Col. James Mc- 
Cown. 



6th Missouri, Maj. S. Cooper. 
Guibor's (Missouri) batter)-, 

Lieut. Cornelius Heft'erman. 
Landis' (Missouri) battery, Lieut. 

John M. Langan. 
Wade's (INIissouri) Batterv, Lieut. 

R. C. Walsh. 



96 



In AM) ABOUT ViCKSBURG. 



Second Brigade. 
Col. T. P. Dockery. 

Capt. Calcl 



15th Arkansas, 
Davis. 

19th Arkansas, Capt. James K. 
Norwood. 

20th Arkansas, Col. D. W. Jones. 

2 1 St Arkansas, Capt. A. Tyler. 

ist Arkansas Cavalry Battalion, 
Capt. John J. Clark. 

1 2th Arkansas Battalion (sharp- 
shooters), Lieut. John S. Bell. 



1st IMissouri Cavalry, Maj. Will- 
iam C. Parker. 

3d Missouri Cavalry, Capt. Felix 
Lotspeich. 

3d Missouri Battalion, Capt. 
William E. Dawson. 

Lowe's (Missouri) Battery, Lieut, 
Thomas B. Catron. 



River Batteries. 

Col. Ed. Higgins, 
1st Louisiana Artillery, Lieut. Col. D. Beltzhoover. 
8th Louisiana Heavy Artillery Battalion, Maj. F. N. Ogden 
2 2d Louisiana, Capt. Samuel Jones. 
1st Tennessee Heavy Artillery, Col. A. Jackson, Jr. 
Tennessee Battery, Capt. J. B. Caruthers. 
Tennessee Battery, Capt. T. N. Johnston. 
Tennessee Battery, Capt J. P. Lynch. 
Vaiden (Mississippi) Battery, Capt. S. C. Bains. 

Miscellaneous. 
54th Alabama (detachment), Lieut. Joel 1*. Abney. 
City Guards, Capt. F^. B. Martin. 
Signal Corps, Capt. C. A. King. 





THE town of the present day bears little resmblance to itself in 
1836, although some of the buildings of that period still 
exist unchanged. Streets have been cut through the hills, 
and districts then desolate are now closely built. At present the 
boundaries of the city are so drawn as to leave outside a consider- 
able population, chiefly negroes. The city proper is in the shape of 
an irregular parallelogram, one mile wide and one and a half miles 
long. Within these limits are found fully 20,000 inhabitants, 
estimated. In 1880 the population was 12,000 in round numbers. 
The white population preponderates slightly over the colored, the pro- 
portion being about as eleven to nine. The population is increasing 
rapidly, by immigration and otherwise. When the first settlers 
arrived the hills on which the city now stands were densely wooded 
and covered from the river to their summits with a thick under- 
growth of cane. The black walnut was very plentiful, and the new 
town was known for years as Walnut Hills. The irregularities of 
the slope from the river eastward were extremely prominent, and still 
remain so, although hills have been removed and ravines filled up 
until the present lay of the land is very different from that of even a 
few years ago. This undulating surface, as may be supposed, gives 
great variety to the appearance of the city. In many places the 
hillsides have been terraced and planted in Bermuda grass, which 
produces a beautiful turf, and holds the soil so firmly together that 
nothing affects the contour of the surface. Beautiful grounds laid 
out in this manner are to be seen on Cherry Street, the most fashion- 
able residence street of the town. Many of the houses in the city 
are of considerable architectural merit. The city is openly built, 
and large spaces are devoted to trees and shrubbery of all kinds. 
Some of the grounds are laid out with great taste and skill, and 



98 In and aboi't VicxsiiURc. 

since bananas and other tropical plants grow luxuriantly in the open 
air during nearly nine months in the year; and free use is made of 
these on lawns, etc., there is a tropical aspect about the place 
which is very pleasing, especially to strangers. In spring or 
summer a bird's-eye view of the city from the summit of the court- 
house, or of Castle Hill, is well worth the trouble and toil of ascent. 
From such a height the scene is extremely beautiful. 

Of late the houses have been numbered according to the Phila- 
delphia system ; the city being divided into four parts by Cherry 
Street, which runs north and south, and Clay Street, which, running 
east and west, intersects the former. From these lines as initial 
points the streets are numbered, and since the prefixes, east, west, 
north and south are used in connection with the names of streets, 
the exact location of any given building may be known by its num- 
ber and also its distance from the starting point. Many streets are 
now paved, and the mileage of pavement is increased annually, as 
rapidly as the resources of the city will allow. An inexhaustible sup- 
ply of gravel of excellent quality is found in the vicinity of the city, and 
is laid down at an average cost of about fifty cents per square yard, 
including the cost of preparing the street to receive it. It is spread 
evenly upon the surface, and is soon packed into a solid mass which 
in the course of a few months becomes cemented by the oxide of 
iron which it contains and can be broken up only with considera- 
ble difficulty. It costs little to keep such streets in repair, and after 
a trial of Nicholson pavement this material has been adopted for 
Washington Street, the principal business thoroughfare of the city. 
The mileage of permanent sidewalks and gutters is also being extended 
rapidly. During the past four years, or since the construction of 
the Louisville, New Orleans & Texas Railway the growth and de- 
velopment of the city has been phenomenally great. A steady ad- 
vance in real estate has set in, and being based on no fictitious 
"boom," but on the laws of supply and demand, shows no sign of 
cessation. In this period a system of waterworks has been con- 
structed at a cost of $250,000, and the city is now abundantly sup- 
plied with filtered water from the Mississippi River. More than 
14.3 miles of water mains are now laid. These works are the 
property of the Vicksburg Water Supply Company, whose pumping 
plant and reservoirs are situated near the river and about two 
jmiles below the city. The water is drawn from the river through 
a tunnel 400 feet in length by pumps whose capacity is 
5,000,000 gallons daily. It passes into settling basins, and 
finally, after filtration, becomes tolerably clear. The machinery, 
buildings and other equipments of the company are all of the first 



y 



In and ahout Vicksburg. loi 

class. For fire purposes, the city pays the company an annual 
rental of $65 per fire-plug. Ninety of them are now in use. 
The total consumption of the city is estimated at 250,000 gallons 
daily. 

There are about three and a half miles of street railroad, including 
the dummy line to the river, and the company has in contem- 
plation several miles more. 

The city is lighted with electricity, fifty arc lights being in use, at a 
cost of $108 each per annum. The system is the Thompson-Hous- 
ton. Many arc lights and incandescents are also used by business 
houses, and an incandescent plant has been set up quite recently 
and will be increased in capacity. 

A system of sewerage is now in contemplation at an estimated 
cost of $100,000. No plans have been decided upon as yet, but the 
necessity of having sewers is fully recognized and the next Legisla- 
ture will perhaps be asked to authorize the city to contract a debt 
for their construction. 

In the last few years the demand for homes occasioned by the 
growth of population has been so great as almost to assume the 
proportions of a boom, though without the reaction that naturally 
follows fevered speculation. Cottages and more pretentious build- 
ings are constantly being built in all parts of the city, and the de- 
mand is now greater than ever. The building associations have 
been great factors in promoting the building up of the city. One 
of them, the Vicksburg, is one of the largest in the South, and the 
pioneer association in the State. Its foundation was inspired by a 
humble mechanic of Philadelphia, who, having experienced the ben- 
efits of such institutions in his native city, interested the people of 
his adopted home by his accounts of them, and is now justly re- 
garded in the light of a public benefactor. A second association 
was formed a few years ago, and a third quite recently. The first 
association is now one of the most powerful associations in the 
State. 

Many handsome brick stores have been built or are now 
under construction. The need for hotels was manifestly great, and 
is now being supplied by the erection of the new Pacific House, at 
an estimated cost of $75,000, exclusive of the site. This handsome 
building is in the form of an L, fronting on both Washington and Veto 
Streets, and is to be four stories high. It will have all the modern 
improvements in the way of elevators, etc. Illustration of the same 
is given herein. Plans for a second hotel, to cost about $100, 000 
(see illustration), have been completed, and bids will be advertised 
for shortly. This building will occupy a handsome site on the 



I02 In AM) Anorr Vickkbuug. 

southwest corner of Clay and Washington Streets, and will be the 
property ofthe Vicksburg Hotel Company, acorporation composed of 
many of the most enterprising business men of the town, with a 
capital of $60,000. Ample additional facilities to complete the 
building is guaranteed the company. 

Vicksburg contains many handsome buildings of a public charac- 
ter. Chief among them may be reckoned the court-house, whose 
site cannot be excelled by any building in the country. It occu- 
pies the square bounded by Grove, Monroe, Jackson and Cherry 
Streets, in the center of the northern half of the city. This 
square, originally an irregular hill, has been surrounded by walls of 
heavy masonry and then terraced. Its grounds are kept in excel- 
lent order and have some fine trees. The Bermuda grass is luxu- 
riant there and the terraces are very beautiful. The building is of 
the Ionic order of architecture, except the cupola. It is an exceed- 
ingly massive building, and has four magnificent porticos with large 
and lofty columns. It is built entirely of brick, cemented or stuc- 
coed over, only the floors, windows and doors being of wood. 
Though only two stories high, its ceilings are lofty and the proportion 
between its height and base is perfect. From its cupola or dome 
may be seen every part ofthe city. This fine building was designed by 
William Weldon and built by George and Thomas Weldon. An illus- 
tration is herewith given. It was commenced in 1858 and finished in 
1 86 1, and cost rather more than $100,000, The flight of nearly thirty 
years, accompanied by the vicissitudes of a long siege, has not im- 
paired its beauty or strength to any appreciable degree. In some 
inexplicable manner the idea has obtained general currency in the 
city that this building was designed and built by a negro. It is 
impossible to say how an opinion totally without foundation and 
flatly contradicted by ofiicial records ever originated. The Wel- 
dons, however, were large contractors, and employed many slaves in 
the work, and perhaps some may have confounded the hand that 
executed the work with the brain that planned it. In the second 
story is the court-room and the jury rooms. The former is a very 
imposing hall indeed, and is additionally ornamented by fine oil 
paintings of the former luminaries of the Bench and Bar, which 
hang above the seat of justice. Here are found the portraits of 
Sargeant S. Prentiss, George S. Yerger, the most illustrious of seven 
brothers who were all eminent lawyers ; of Walker Brooks, at one 
time United States Senator, and a lawyer ofthe most brilliant ability; 
Judge Guion, at one time the partner of Prentiss, and a famous 
lawyer in his day ; Judge U. M. Young, now a member ofthe Bar 
of St. Louis. These portraits are hung in the following order, be- 



Is AM) AHOIT ViCKSBURG. IO5 

ginning at the right hand of the spectator : Young, Guion, Prentiss, 
Yerger and Brooks. 

Vicksburg was the theatre of the greatest forensic efforts of Pren- 
tiss, Yerger, Guion, Brooks and others, and it is peculiarly appro- 
priate that even after death their faces should continue to look down 
upon the living expounders of ttie law, to point them to the lofty 
heights attainable by earnest effort, and to remind them also of the 
high standard of professional honor and integrity maintained by 
these their noble predecessors. 

This portrait gallery might be increased indefinitely, for Vicksburg 
has always been celebrated for its barristers. Perhaps at no distant 
day the benign features of the venerable Thomas A. Marshall, who 
still survives in honored retirement, almost the last legal contem- 
porary of the famous men named already, and those of the late 
A. B. Pittman, one of the greatest of Southern lawyers, and many 
others who might be mentioned, may at no distant day adorn these 
walls. Like the lawyers of Edinburgh in Scott's day, those departed 
worthies had their hours of relaxation as well as of toil, and many 
interesting stories are told of their high-jinks, especially those of 
Prentiss, who was a rollicking good fellow and the best company in 
the world. When briefs were few and far between, he and his 
cronies would frequently go on camp-hunts into the wilds of the 
Yazoo swamps, even now abounding in all kinds of game, and 
then a veritable hunter's paradise. On one of these occasions the 
party had camped at Shell Mound on the Tallahatchee River, an 
immense heap of shells piled up by the aborigines at some forgotten 
period of their history. The scene suggested to Prentiss's teeming 
mind, which poured forth eloquence as if inspired, an oration which 
the five or six persons present pronounced to be the most brilliant 
effort of his life. It was delivered at sunrise from a stump on the 
mound as unpremeditatedly as the songs of the birds, and, as has 
been said, in the presence of less than a half-dozen of his com- 
panions. This speech was, of course, never reported, but tradition 
says that it was wholly devoted to the past glories of the Indian race 
and the poetic thought inspired by the scene. 

One of the Yergers, also a keen sportsman, was found dead across 
the body of a deer which he had shot. He was subject to heart dis- 
ease, and the excitement of the hunt and of his successful shot 
brought on a fatal attack. 

Ex-Senator Brooks, who was a native of Virginia, died in 1869, 
very suddenly. 

Other handsome buildings are the Cotton Exchange, on Crawford 
near Washington Street, originally the Mississippi Valley Bank, 



io6 In and about Vicksbirg. 

but purchased and renovated by the Exchange some years ago; and 
St. Aloysius Commercial College, a four-story brick building, corner 
of Grove and First Streets, North, besides many handsome business 
blocks. The United States is about to add a public building to the 
list, an appropriation of $100,000 having been made for this pur- 
pose, and a very eligible site purchased at the corner of Walnut and 
Crawford Streets for $9,500. 

Vicksburg has been socially eminent for many years, it and 
Natchez having been to a great extent the centres from which refine- 
ment and luxury were spread throughout the State. 

It is still noted for its cultivated and refined society, although 
there is less gayety than at earlier periods of its history; and the very 
handsome Opera House, at the corner of Washington and Crawford 
Streets, is the principal source of amusement. Here during ihe 
season there is a brilliant succession of dramatic and operatic per- 
formances, not to mention amateur entertainments, which are 
frequently given, there being much local dramatic and musical 
talent here. The building will seat about 1,200 persons, and has 
excellent acoustic qualities. It is well furnished also in. every 
respect. A powerful German club also lends gayety to the winter 
by frequent entertainments, and the Jewish citizens have a literary 
association, which owns a handsome club-house on the corner of 
Crawford and Cherry Streets, and is doing much for the happiness 
and elevation of its members. 

Other social organizations are well represented, the latest being 
the Elks, with about seventy members, and a hall on the corner of 
Washington and Clay Streets. The Masonic Order is strong here, 
and is just receiving remarkable accessions to its membership, and 
the Odd Fellows, Knights of Pythias, Knights of Honor, and other 
societies have a very large following. 

The Confederate force was largely recruited here, and in the Civil 
War Vicksburg sent twenty companies of ninety-eight men each to 
the Confederate army. This was truly an immense quota from so 
small a town, but the Confederate army literally robbed the cradle 
and the grave, and few able-bodied men of that generation failed to 
enter the army. A single county in Mississippi furnished 700 
soldiers, a number greater than that of its voting population, and of 
these barely 400 survived the struggle. This record was paralleled 
in many instances, and although the exact figures cannot be given in 
Vicksburg's case, there is reason to believe, from known facts con- 
cerning certain companies, that at least forty per cent, of the flower 
of her youth and manhood perished on the field, in the hospital, or 
in prison. Such are the horrors of war. This military spirit still 




The Corur llnrsi:. Sec payc iu2 



In and about Vicksburg. 109 

flourishes, and the Volunteer Southrons and Warren Light Artillery 
are organizations in which great local interest is felt. Each has a 
large membership, and the former, an infantry company, has dis- 
tinguished itself by many peaceful triumphs on the drill ground. 



EDUCATIONAL. 

Besides its excellent private schools, Vicksburg maintains a fine 
public school system, and expends in its support about $25,000 per 
annum, derived partly from the State, but principally from a tax of 
four mills on all personal property and real estatein the city limits. 
Another source of revenue is a recently levied tax of $2, exigible 
from all males who have attained their majority. The buildings de- 
voted to public schools are three in number, located, respectively, on 
Main Street, Walnut Street, and Cherry Street. These are new build- 
ings, and the one on Main Street is a model building in every respect, 
being substantially constructed of brick and heated and ventilated 
according to the most approved plans. 

It has been said before, but may well be repeated, as something the 
town has reason to pride itself upon, that Vicksburg had the first 
public schools in the State, its venture in this direction being made 
in 1845. This school opened with about 120 pupils, and during its 
first term was supported by the donations of the Masons, the Odd 
Fellows and the Mechanics" Mutual Benefit Society. In the follow- 
ing year, however, a tax was levied by the city for its support, and 
this, with a continuance of the donations already mentioned, main- 
tained it for four years. In 1850 the old Main Street building, then 
a hotel, was purchased and occupied as a school for boys and girls 
jomtly. The first principal of this school was the amiable Dr. J. G. 
Holland, later to become celebrated as the editor of Sifibners 
Magazine, now known as the Century. This building did duty for 
nearly thirty-five years, when it was demolished and the present 
handsome building erected. 

The Main Street and Walnut Street buildings are occupied by 
white children, and the Cherry Street building, with an annex adjoin- 
ing it, is used for the colored pupils. The enrollment average is 650 
of the former and about a thousand of the latter. A second brick 
building, to be the counterpart of the one on Main Street, is in contem- 
plation and greatly needed. It will unquestionably be erected in the 
course of a few years, most probably in South Vicksburg. A super- 



lio In and about VK^KSRURrr. 

intendent and twenty-seven teachers constitute tlic faculty of these 
schools, which arc in operation ten months in the year. 

St. Aloysius Commercial College, a Catholic Academy, founded 
in 1879, has a principal, seven professors, and two hundred and ten 
pupils. St. Francis Xavier Female Academy, also Catholic, has 
alxjut the same attendance, and lesser private schools are esti- 
mated as having about one hundred pu})ils. 



{Contributed by If. T. MOORE, Supcrintcndnit oj Pubtic Sc/iooZs.) 

OUR CITY .SCHOOLS. 

One very great inducement for parents to settle in our city is the 
thoroughly successful management of our public schools, and the 
opportunities offered their children to be benefited by a well- 
arranged system of instruction in all the grades. 

While the little ones just released from their mothers' arms are 
amusing themselves, and at the same time receiving valuable in- 
struction, with the appliances of the "Kindergarten,"' from their 
patient teacher, and becoming familiar with the first steps in the 
grand stairway of education, at the top of the stairway may be seen 
those who, having passed through all intermediate grades, by the 
critical analyses of English literature, familiarity with higher mathe- 
matics, and converse with natural sciences, satisfy the hard-worked 
teachers that their labors have not been in vain. 

It is safe to say that the course of instruction in our public 
schools is equal to that of any school. There are three school- 
houses nearly new, which are constructed upon the improved 
modern plans and supplied with everything calculated to improve 
the pupil and assist the teacher. 

In addition to these, there are two rooms occupied in other 
buildings by white children. 

One of the three school-houses has been given to the colored 
children. The Board of Education also bought a large house ad- 
joining the school to accommodate the great number that attend the 
colored school. Over 1,700 pupils attend these schools, and they are 
instructed by teachers of great experience in the management of 
schools. 

For the support of these schools the city levies a tax of four mills 
on the dollar, annuall)'. 

The fund from this levy increases yearly, though it does not keep 



In and AnouT Vicksburg. i i i 

pace with the increased value of the property taxed, on account of the 
assessed value being so much less than the marketable valuation. 

The members of the Board of Education are highly esteemed 
gentlemen, who use every legitimate effort to improve the condition 
of the schools and enhance the educational status of the same, fully 
co-operating with the energetic professor in charge of the schools. 

In 1852 the site of the Main Street school was conveyed to Messrs. 
B. S. Tappan, C. J. Searles, W. H. Sparke, Wm. Crutcher, and A. 
II. Arthur, School Commissioners of the 16th Township, Range 3 
Kast, and to their successors. 

These commissioners were appointed by the Supervisors of the 
County. 

There are other schools in the city of high standing. Two of them, 
being incorporated, confer diplomas upon graduating classes. 

A select school for boys has been successfully conducted for two 
years, and a school principally for girls ranks among the best in 
the State. The other schools are as thoroughly and intelligently 
managed as those of greater numerical attendance. 

There are eight private schools in the city, educating at least 
800 pupils. 

B. P.. LITERARY ASSOCIATION. 

This association was formed in 1886, for the purpose of pro- 
moting the intellectual and social advancement of its members and 
the encouragement of literary and dramatic pursuits, and is one of 
the most successful and enterprising institutions in the city. 

Its membership is confined entirely to Israelites, as under its con- 
stitution no other persons are eligible, and upon its rolls are the 
names of some of the most prominent citizens of Vicksburg. 

The buildings and grounds occupied by the association are 
located in one of the most attractive and fashionable parts of the 
city, and are among the handsomest in the State. Its parlor is finely 
furnished, and in its library are to be found a number of the standard 
periodicals of the day. 

The association has now ninety-two members, and has a consid- 
erable surplus in its treasury. 

In order to secure permanently the present site, about sixty of the 
members have recently formed an incorporation under the laws of 
the State of Mississippi and purchased the property for $10, 500. 
The lot fronts 115 feet on Cherry Street and i4-7}4 on Crawford 
Street. The improvements are a large brick building used by the 
association and a smaller frame-house leased as a residence. The 
accompanying illustration affords a fair view of the buildings and 



112 In and about Vicksburg. 

grounds on Cherry Street. It is expected that the brick structure 
will be remodeled in the near future, and such oilier improvements 
made as the needs of the organization suggest. 

The entertainments given by the association are worthy of high 
praise, and much benefit is expected to be derived from the perma- 
nent establishment in the city of an institution whose main object 
is the encouragement and support of literature, drama, science, and 
art. 

.ST. FRANCIS XAVIEr's CONVENT AND ACADEMY. 

The establishment known as St. Francis Xavier's Convent and 
Academy comprises the three brick buildings occupying the square 
on Crawlbrd Street, between Cherry and Adams. It was opened 
in October, i860, by the Sisters of Mercy, under the direction of 
Sister M. de Sales Browne. 

The property at that time comprised but one two-story building 
in the centre of the square, and a garden extending to Adams Street 
on the left. It had been purchased by St. Paul's congregation for 
school purposes, and had been donated by them to the Sisters, with 
the agreement that they would open a school for the boys and girls 
of the congregation, which they did at once. 

The breaking out of the Civil War necessitated the closing of the 
school, and the Sisters, after having converted their home into a 
temporary hospital for the sick and wounded soldiers, finally left 
Vicksburg to take charge of the sick and wounded in the hospitals 
at Mississippi Springs, Jackson, Oxford and Shelby Springs. 

The building was then taken possession of by the Federal Govern- 
ment and used for military purposes. At the close of the War it was 
restored to the Sisters, who reopened their school. 

In 1869 a four-story brick building was erected at a cost of $30,- 
000 on the ground which had been a garden at the time of the 
original purchase. 

In 1879 the boys' school was transferred to St. Aloysius College, 
in charge of the Brothers of the Sacred Heart, and from that 
time the Academy has been used exclusively for young ladies, who 
are admitted either as boarders or as day pupils. 

In 1885 the handsome Academy was built at a cost of $24,000, 
on the corner of Crawford and Cherry Streets, the ground having 
been purchased by the Sisters from Mr. John Crump in 1869 for 
$10,000. The building is one of the finest educational structures 
in the South, and covers a space of 120 feet in length and 60 feet in 
breadth, comprising eight class-rooms, three music-rooms, an art 



In and AHiiiiT VicKsm'Ko. 115 

studio, library and exhibilion hall, the latter no feet l)y 60 feet, and 
24 feet high. 

The class-rooms are handsomely fitted up with all the modern 
school appurtenances, and the library is filled with choice works. 

The class teachers number 8; music teachers, 6, and art teachers, 2. 

Boarding pupils, 30; day, 218; total, 248. 

The plan of studies embrace a full classical course, with higher 
Mathematics, Book-keeping, Stenography, Languages, Elocution, 
]\Iusic, and Art. 



THE CITY GOVERNMENT. 

The principal government of the city consists of a Mayor, who is 
ex-officio Treasurer ; eight Aldermen, and an Assessor and Collector, 
chosen biennially by the people. The Board of Mayor and Alder- 
men elect the other officers, the City Attorney, City Clerk, City 
Marshal and his Deputy, Market Master, Wharf and Harbor Master, 
Superintendent of the Cemetery, and lesser officials ; the Fire Chief, 
and the Police, which consists of a Marshal and necessary patrolmen. 
The city's income is in round numbers $100,000 per annum, 
derived from a tax of 16 mills on a valuation of real estate and per- 
sonal property of about $4,500,000, and from various license and 
privilege taxes, of which the greater part are paid by dealers in 
liquor. 

The Fire Department, heretofore manned by volunteers, is now 
operated by a paid chief, engineer and drivers, and ten minute-men. 
The former are paid salaries, but the latter receive a fixed sum for 
each time they are called out. The means for extinguishing fires 
are two steam fire engines, of which one is in active service and 
the other held in reserve, and three horse reels. The service has 
been greatly modified since the introduction of water works, which 
afford reliable fire pressure in all parts of the city. 

The city's expenditures are about the same as its income. Each 
is increasing rapidly with the growth of the place. It is proper to 
state that while the rate of taxation may appear high, it is based on 
a very low valuation, estimated at about forty per cent, of the 
actual value of real and personal property, which is fully $12,000,000. 
Moreover, much property held by railroads and manufacturing 
enterprises is legally exempt from taxation, as are also the four 
banks, at least to a great extent. In spite of the city's limited in- 
come of only about $5 per head of its population, a great amount 
of public improvements are executed annually, the principal ex- 



ii6 In and ABoi t Vicksburo. 

penditurc in this direction being for streets. All excavations neces- 
sary to bring the latter to grade are done at the public expense, but 
the cost of paving is borne jointly by the indivitlual owners of adja- 
cent property and the public, the former paying two-thirds and the 
latter the remainder. 



HEALTH. 

In point of healthfulness Vicksburg is second to no city in the 
country of similar population, its death rate among the whites be- 
ing under 15 per thousand. The percentage of mortality among 
the negroes is nearly or quite double this rate, which is attributed 
to their ignorance and general neglect of sanitation. Diphtheria 
and scarlet fever, those scourges of infancy in the North, are rare, 
and almost invariably sporadic, never epidemic. The same maybe 
said of tvphoid fever. The city undoubtedly owes its healthfulness 
to its great elevation and excellent natural drainage. The mild and 
equable climate is also favorable to longevity, and consumption is 
comparatively rare. The lowest temperature on record is 7 above 
zero, and in summer 96 is rarely exceeded. The nights in summer 
are almost invariably cool and pleasant. As a rule, there is scarcely 
a month in the year in which vegetation is entirely checked — freezing 
weather is uncommon before the middle of December, and in 
Februarv spring commences and the earliest flowers begin to bloom 
out-of-doors. This season does not advance with rapid strides, as 
in more Northern latitudes, but slowly and gradually, and there is a 
long interval between winter and summer. 



MANUFACTURES. 

Although Vicksburg cannot be considered a manufacturing town, 
since the bulk of its population is sustained by commerce, its in- 
dustries are large, important, and greatly diversified. Of these the 
chief is the manufacture of cotton-seed into oil and cake. Three 
mills are located here, of which one is perhaps as large as any in the 
South and employs two powerful tow-boats in transporting seed. 
These mills employ 500 men, exclusive of the crews of vessels, and 
are in operation from nine to eleven months in the year. Next in 
importance are the general machine shops of the Louisville, New 



In axj) ABori' V'icksbukc",. iig 

Orleans (fc Texas R. R. , with 360 men employed in repair work. 
The total force employed by the railroad here is 601, and it dis- 
burses over $500,000 per annum to them. The present shops are 
of a temporary nature, and wholly inadequate to supply the wants 
of the railroad, which has decided to build permanent shops of much 
greater capacity, and will begin work on them early in 1890. It will 
at the same time greatly increase its plant, adding a complete out- 
fit of wood-working machinery, and will require a larger number of 
operatives. 

The lumber interests are large, and capable of indefinite extension, 
the supply of timber of all kinds being practically unlimited. Two 
large mills are now in active operation, while a third is nearly com- 
pleted. Their output does not begin to satisfy the local demand, 
which is largely supplied from the yellow-pine districts. However, 
perhaps the greater part of the cypress timber cut here is worked up 
into sash, doors, blinds, and ornamental lumber, and is shipped to 
all parts of this State and Louisiana, and even more distant points. 
The two wood-working establishments are also building up a con- 
siderable trade in ornamental work, executed in hard wood, and 
supply a large local demand for walnut and quarter-sawed oak for 
inside finishing, desk and counter work, etc. These pursuits em- 
ploy 300 men. 

The manufacture of brick employs nearly 200 persons, and the 
supply is seldom up to the demands of local builders. Owing to 
peculiarities of the earth used in their composition, brick made here 
are of very superior quality, and are preferred to those manufactured 
in Memphis or at any point south of that city. Only ordinary 
methods of manufacture are employed, though the introduction of 
hydraulic machines is contemplated. 

Besides these, there are two foundries, two tin and sheet-iron 
works, which, besides supplying the city, have an extensive trade in 
this State and Louisiana; a boiler shop, several carriage-building es- 
tablishments, and a great variety of lesser enterprises engaged in 
manufacturing, and employing from two to ten men each. A can- 
nery has lately been inaugurated, and was operated this year (1889) 
with gratifying success. In fact, all these enterprises have proved 
profitable, and have shown a healthy growth from their inception. 
The crowning need of the place is factories that can employ cheap 
labor to advantage. There is plenty of work for able-bodied men, 
at remunerative wages, but little for boys and women. A cotton 
factory could command an ample supply of intelligent, though un- 
skilled, labor at very low rates. There is strong reason to believe, 
since the attention of Eastern manufacturers is being: turned South- 



I20 In and ABorr \'u'ksiu'R(;. 

ward, that this great want will not long remain unsupplicd. As a 
rule, for manufacturing })urposes Vicksburg is unequaled. At 
present the total number of mechanics and laborers employed in 
these callings approximate 1,700. There is an excellent opening 
here for a furniture factory, and the saving in freight alone would 
constitute a handsome margin of profit for the manufacturer. 
Walnut, poplar, gum, oak, and other timber can be had in any 
quantity and at reasonable figures; in fact, very much cheaper than 
at any of the present centres of production. 

Coal can be had here cheaper than at Fall River, and the com- 
pletion of the Georgia Pacific Railroad, which brings the coal fields 
of Alabama into competition with those of Pennsylvania and West 
Virginia, insures also a plentiful supply at all seasons. The Southern 
coal fields are also reached by the Queen & Crescent Railroad 
system. Cheap fuel and contiguity to the cotton fields are advantages 
that insure great returns to the cotton manufacturer, and when trade 
is at its worst, wdll make the difference between profit and loss. 
The success of mills, far less favorably located in other portions of 
the South, is the best guarantee of the prosperity of similar enter- 
prises here. The policy of the State is very favorable to the establish- 
ment of manufactures, and ten years' exemption from taxation is 
secured by statutes passed some years ago. Few Southern mills are 
operated with that strict attention to economy so essential to the at- 
tainment of the maximum degree of profit, yet their dividends are 
very large, the mill at Wesson, in this State, being credited by gen- 
eral report with paying its stockholders 20 per cent, on their inves- 
ments. 



VICKSBURG HOTEL. 

As will be seen from the above picture, this hotel will be one of 
the handsomest and most complete in the South. 

It will be a four-story structure of the Spanish Renaissance style, 
the central ]>art running up to five stories in height. The front will 
be ornamental from the fact that it is broken by projections which 
form towers, and will have ornamental bay-windows, galleries, etc. 
The brick for the street fronts will be pressed brick in two colors, 
the first story mixed with gray sandstone. The interior arrange- 
ment consists, on the first floor, of six stores, billiard room, laundry, 
bath, general lavatory, baggage and store room, with grand rotunda 
and reading room in the centre of the building, from which there 



<;:ii|§.l' i t^BH (P»MI (^^-^ 




In and ABOl'T VlCKSBURC. 



123 



will be a large staircase and elevator to the upper floors. The 
second floor will consist of niagniticcnt dining-room, lighted with 
windows on two sides so as to give thorough ventilation ; ladies' 
ordinarv, children's dining-room, large kitchen, pantry, and store- 
room arrangement, two parlors for ladies, large and spacious hall- 
wavs and spacious bedrooms. The upper floors will be divided 
into bedrooms so arranged as to be thrown into suites of two or 
three, with private bath and lavatory connections. The hotel build- 
ing will be set away from the adjoining property lines, so as to have 
a driveway entirely around the building, also to increase the air and 
ventilation and give thorough lighting to each room. All the 
i)edrooms are designed to open on to fresh air, and there is not a 
dark or interior bedroom in the construction. The grand rotunda 
of the first floor will have the floor and wainscoting marble, and be 
otherwise handsomely decorated. Everything throughout the build- 
ing and connected with it will be first-class and of the latest 
improvement. The elevators will be hydraulic, one for passengers 
and one specially for freight, and they will be arranged to run 
rapidly. In the cellar will be located the boilers for heating the 
building, and such other machinery as is necessary to the cooking 
and lavatory departments. The building will be lighted with elec- 
tricity as well as gas . 

It is expected this magniiicent building will be completed before 
December i, 1890. 




124 



Ix AND AHOIT ViCKSBURG. 



COMMERCE. 




Commercially, Vicks- 
biirg has been a place 
of importance from a 
very early date. In 1806 
a small settlement here 
known as Walnut Hills 
had a flourishing trade, and for 
many years before and after the in- 
troduction of steamboats the town 
was the rendezvous of keel-boats and 
flat-boats from the Ohio River and 
other tributaries of the Mississippi, which came here annually with 
cargoes of provisions, attracted by the excellent harbor and the 
central location of the place. A glance at the map will show why 
this commercial pre-eminence existed, and at the same time justify 
the prediction that Vicksburg is destined to become a great city. 
Situated at about equal distances from Meridian on the east and 
Shreveport on the west, and nearly half-way between Memphis and 
New Orleans, it has natural advantages that are possessed by none 
of these cities. Memphis is 220 miles distant by rail, and New Orleans 
235 miles away. The former has a fertile territory south of it, and the 
latter is equally favored on the north; butVicksburghas the Yazoo and 
the Mississippi Delta on the north, and an equally fertile region in 



In and ABOl'T VlCKSHURC. 1 25 

Northern Louisiana on tlie west, while her territory to the cast and 
south is both fertile and populous. The Delta is accessible at all 
points by means of the Mississippi River, the Yazoo, and the latter's 
tributaries, which are navigable at all seasons and inclose and per- 
meate that rich section. The L. N. O. & T. R. R. and its branches 
penetrate the interior of this district, and radiate through it in all 
directions. Fifty miles' additional track is now under contract, and 
much additional mileage is contemplated. Points east and west of 
the city are reached by the Queen & Crescent Railroad system, over 
which feed, flour, and other Western produce are shipped in large 
quantities to Alabama and Georgia, as well as Eastern Mississippi; 
while on the south the river and the L, N. O. & T. R. R. serve again 
as arteries of the city's commerce. The territory contiguous to 
Vicksburg, and especially the Yazoo Delta and North Louisiana, is 
capable of development to an indefinite extent, and is being im- 
proved with phenomenal rapidity. Since the opening of the 
L. N. O. & T. R. R. the former district has received, at a mode- 
rate estimate, 8,000 to 10,000 immigrants annually, and a still 
greater influx is anticipated in future. Vicksburg is the natural 
distributing point for this territory, and as the Liter-State Commerce 
Act gives this city many advantages over inland points, the past few 
years have witnessed a remarkable development of trade. The 
largest grain and produce dealers in the State have their headquar- 
ters here, and are continually making inroads into new territory. 
Four hardware houses transact retail and wholesale business, the 
latter on a very extensive scale, and compete successfully with New 
Orleans, Memphis, and St. Louis. In dry goods, Adolph Rose is 
the only exclusively wholesale dealer, but Switzer, Newwitter & Co. , 
Baer & Bro. , and O'Keefe, Guide & Co. carry immense stocks and 
do a large and rapidly increasing wholesale trade. Every branch of 
commerce is well represented, and the city's force of traveling sales- 
men is increasing annually and at a very rapid rate. The wholesale 
grocery and provision trade is especially well represented, and one 
of the largest wholesale liquor and tobacco houses in the South is 
located here. The facilities for shipping and receiving merchandise 
are unexcelled. In addition to the railroad, whose charges are 
kept at a minimum rate by river competition for through business, 
steamers from Cincinnati, New Orleans, and St. Louis ply regularly 
to this port, and from the latter city the Mississippi Valley Trans- 
portation Company, with its immenge fleet of barges, affords trans- 
portation for bulky articles at the minimum of cost. Twelve local 
packets are constantly engaged in distributing imports and bringing 
to the city cargoes of cotton and cotton-seed, the latter a very im- 



I lb In and about Vicksburg. 

portant item of commerce indeed. Vicksburg's cotton receipts 
average 60,000 bales annually, valued at $3,000,000. Over 200,000 
bales are handled here during the season, but the foregoing figures 
represent local receipts and rates, which are increasing, however, at 
a gratifying rate, and are estimated for the season of 1888-89 at 
75,000 to 80,000 bales, and there is no valid reason why it should 
not reach, at an early date, 500,000. Vicksburg has a world-wide 
reputation for the quality of her cotton, being located in the center 
of the long stapled cotton district, whose product, technically known 
as Bender's cotton, commands the highest market price. These 
advantages attract buyers here in great numbers, and many markets 
are represented. Two large compresses, with a capacity of 100,000 
bales per annum, are employed in preparing the staple for shipment 
by rail or steamship. As might be expected, the Cotton Exchange 
is the most important commercial body, and performs most of the 
functions of a Board of Trade, although there is no organization 
known by that name. The Exchange, however, is of far greater 
importance, is incorporated under the laws of the State, and has a 
fine building of its own, in which meetings are held at stated intervals. 
It has twenty-two members. 

The cotton trade is divided into two sharply defined branches — 
cotton factors, and cotton buyers or brokers — the former representing 
the producer and the latter the manufacturer. Competiti(m among 
them insures the highest possible prices for all cotton sold here, and 
this and low charges for handling and compressing have given the 
city an enviable reputation as a cotton market. 



VICKSBURG AS A COTTON CENTRE. 

Of all the cities in the cotton belt Vicksburg is undoubtedly the 
most admirably located. She occupies about the centre of the cot- 
ton-growing region of the United States. Situated on the Mississippi 
River, she stands at the southern end of the great Yazoo Delta, re- 
nowned for its extraordinary cotton-producing qualities. There is 
also vast territory east, south, and west of Vicksburg, all extremely 
fertile, and raising the finest staple cotton in the world. 

But for the lack of capital from which it suffered for a number of 
years Vicksburg would unquestionably now be one of the great 
cotton markets of the United States. JNIemphis and New Orleans, 
having greater financial facilities, have heretofore drawn a vast 
amount of cotton tributary to Vicksburg, but which, as the banking 







The Cotton Exchange. See page 129. 



In and Annrr VrcKSBURr,. 129 

facilities of Vicksburg increase, must necessarily fnul its way 
here. 

As it stands now, Vicksburg handles some 75,000 bales a year, 
the bulk of which consists of long staple cotton called Allen, pocket, 
and a variety of other seed, as well as Bender's. The cotton 
is all compressed and shipped to the mills East or exported to the 
various spinners in Europe. 

No place in the valley affords a better location for the investment 
of capital for the conducting of what is known as the cotton 
factorage business — that is, receiving the cotton from the planter and 
selling it to the buyer. 

The addition of some banking capital in the last three or four 
years has greatly stimulated the trade of the city, and with the rapid 
strides she is now making, no one doubts that Vicksburg will soon 
occupy a very important position in the cotton markets of the 
world. 

THE COTTON EXCHANGE. 

This organization was founded in 1874, and was formally incor- 
porated and organized under its charter in 1886, when Capt. J. J. 
Cowan was chosen its first president. Not long afterward it pur- 
chased its present handsome building, which is valued at $20,000, 
and has been greatly improved by the exchange. It has at present 
22 active and 6 honorary members, as follows : Active — Geo. Des- 
sommes, Milles, Moore & Co. , W. H. Smith, Vincent & Hayne, 
L. Hirsch & Co., Susman & Metzger, J. Gusdorfer, John F. Halpin 
Co., J. J. Cowan, S. Schwarz & Co., D. Mayer & Son, D. J. 
Shlenker, McCutcheon &Co., Homberger& Feith, E. Martin &Co. , 
P. P. Williams & Co., W. L. Wells, Geo. S. Irving Co., W. H. 
Andrews & Bro., Vicksburg Cotton Press Association, S. C. Ragan 
& Co. Honorary- — E. S. Butts, president Vicksburg Bank ; W. S, 
Jones, cashier Merchants' Bank ; Lee Richardson & Co., Baer & Bro., 
J. Brown, N. J. Bazsinsky. 

BANKS AND BANKING. 

In nothing is the commercial prosperity of Vicksburg so strikingly 
evinced as in the development of its banking facilities. In 1884 
there was but one bank, with a capital of $75,000. At present there 
are two National banks, two private banks, and a savings bank, 
with a total capital of $575,000, and deposits aggregating over a 
million of dollars. The total volume of banking transactions 
approximates $50,000,000 annually, and the commerce of the city 
is estimated at $15,000,000. The local cotton trade alone is repre- 



130 Tx AM) AHOIT \'UKSIU1R(;. 

senlcd by average annual receij)ls of 60,000 bales, valued at 
$3,000,000, and this is but a small part of the city's commerce. 

In addition to the financial facilities afforded by the banks, a 
great deal of Northern capital is being invested here through local 
agencies, and for the first time in the city's history money is plentiful, 
and no really deserving investments are neglected. 

The statements made by the banks, and the dividends declared, 
satisfactorily demonstrate the city's healthy financial condition, and 
here it may be stated that the reputation of Vicksburg's business 
men for stability and solvency is deservedly great, and their credit 
strictly gilt-edged. It is also worthy of note that all the city's 
industries are thriving, and show a healthy growth. 



In and about Vicksburg. 133 

CHURCHES. 



THE METHODIST CHURCH. 

The Methodist Church in Vicksburg may be said to have com- 
menced with the town at its beginning, in 1820. The owner of the 
hxnd, the Rev. Newit Vick, was a Methodist preacher. His son-in-law, 
the Rev. John Lane, who laid off the town, was also a Methodist 
preacher. He held religious services in a blacksmith shop before 
there was a church or a court-house. 

About 1825, the preacher on Warren Circuit included Vicksburg 
as one of his monthly appointments, arranging to preach once a 
month in a hotel, commencing service early, so as to close in time 
to prepare the dining-room for its regular use. The landlord was a 
Methodist preacher, by name W. Berry. Rev. John G. Jones, after- 
ward well known in INIississippi, was probably the second Methodist 
preacher in Vicksburg : the Rev. John Lane was certainly the first. 

About 1830 Vicksburg became station, with preaching in the 
court-house. Rev. I. O. T. Hawkins, who preached in the court- 
house, was acknowledged to excel as a pulpit orator. He was suc- 
cessful as physician and politician in Lexington, Ky. , and therefore 
failed of pre-eminence in the ministry, as was expected in 1830-1-2. 

About this time Rev. John Lane gave the lot for a church, corner 
of Grove and Cherry Streets, fronting the court-house. He also 
gave much of the lumber, collected money — in fact, did nearly every- 
thing necessary to erect a good brick church. 

The annual sessions, of the Conference of the Methodist Episcopal 
Church were held in Vicksburg, at intervals of a few years, from 
1830 to 1887. Preachers were appointed and changed every two 
vears, so that Vicksburg has had nearly twenty preachers : among 
the first. Rev. R. T. Smith, Preston Cooper, Levi Pierce, W. Ford. 

Judge John M. Taylor, a local elder, filled the pulpit one year in 
place of Rev. W. Ford, whose health failed. Judge Taylor was a 
great preacher as well as lawyer and jurist. 

Vicksburg station was frequently supplied by transfers from other 
Conferences, among them Rev. Joseph Travis, A. Davidson, William 
F. Hyer. 

Two preachers died of yellow fever in the station, Rev. W. F. Hyer, 
and Rev. H. Leavit, M. D. The Rev. John Lane also died of that 
disease, whilst presiding Folder of the Vicksburg District. 

Almost coeval with Vicksburg commenced the ministerial life of 
Rev. C. K. Marshall, D. D., now of national reputation. He was 



134 



In and ahout \'u'ksiu'kg. 



appointed to this church several times, and preached in it often. Pie 
married the daughter of the Rev. NewitVick ; she, with her husband, 
still live in that city, and soon will be " advanced" in life. 

Before 1850, JohnW. Vick, son of the proprietor of the town, gave 
the lot corner of Crawford and Cherry Streets for a new church. The 
trustees had the present church erected, which has been occupied by 
the congregation about forty years, except when held by the Unitetl 
States Army, 1863-4-5. 

Vacancies in the board were filled by some of the best citizens, 
preceding i860, among them J. W. Vick, Judge James Bland, 
James R. IMcDowell, R. D. Home, Th. Racket, Dr. H. Shannon. 
Judge H. F. Cook, J. A. Peale, Geo. L. Record, Dr. E. M. Lane. 
Samuel. Lum, E. G. Cook, the last only now living. 

After the War the board was reorganized, and has continued, with 
some necessary changes by death or removal, the board in 1889 
consisting of W. G. Paxton, N. V. Lane, R. W. Conway, |. D. 
Miles, E. B. Cisco, A. G. Cassell, Geo. W. Rogers, N. J. Vick,"j. M. 
Klein. 

The church building was designed by Thomas Hacket, who built 
or superintended the building. It was dedicated by Rev. William 
Winans, D.D., in 1850. Cost, about $25,000, exclusive of lot, valued 
at $2, 500. 

The old church, corner of Grove and Cherry Streets, was appro- 
priated to the use of the colored Methodists (then slaves) and was 
occupied by them, whose preacher (white) was appointed by the 

Presiding Elder, the Conference leav- 
^.-'""- ing the Colored Mission in Vicks- 

burg to be supplied. E. G. Cook, 
local elder, was this supply until the 
church was burned down. 

Rev. R. F. Jones was born in 
Jasper Co., Miss., March 25th, 1837. 
He entered the ministry of the 
Methodist Episcopal Church, South, 
and joined the Mississippi Annual 
Conference November, 1858, and 
>-. has ever since been in the regular 
',' work of the ministry. He was ap- 
pointed to the pastorate of the 
Crawford Street Methodist Church, 
in Vicksburg, in December, 1886, 
and is now closing his third }ear as 
REV, K. i . joNES. pastor oi that charge. 




In and AROl'T ViCKSBURG. 137 



CHRIST CHURCH. 



Protkstant Episcopal, Corner of Main and Locust Streets. 
Rev. Henry Sansom, D D., Rector. 

Christ Church, situated on the corner of Locust and Main Streets, 
irresistibly calls to mind the " ivy-man tl eel tower" of Gray's Klegy, 
being the model of an ancient P^nglish parish church. It is of 
modified Gothic architecture, and is ornamented with stained-glass 
windows, the offerings of members of the congregation, during long 
series of years, in memory of departed relatives. 

This church is one of the oldest in the city. As early as 1828 
occasional services were held by the Rev, James A. Fox and other 
visiting clergymen, but it was not until the year 1836 that there 
was any permanent organization. In that year the Rev. Dr. Page, of 
Natchez, visited Vicksburg and organized a parish by the name of 
"Christ Church. "' 

The Rev. Richard Cox, of New York, was the first rector. He 
remained only a few months, and was succeeded by the Rev. Mr. 
Pinching, who also resigned after a few months' service. 

In 1839 the Rev. George Weller, D. D. , was elected rector, and 
remained in that office until November, 1841, when he fell a victim 
to the fearful scourge of yellow fever, which he contracted while 
ministering to his suft'ering people. During his rectorship the 
corner-stone of Christ Church was laid by Bishop Polk, of Louisiana. 

In 1842 the Rev. W. F. Boyd, D. D., was elected rector, and 
held the office until June, 1845. During his administration the 
church edifice was completed at a cost of $35,000. 

In September, 1845, the Rev. Stephen Patterson became the 
rector, and continued in the office until he fell at his post, a martyr, 
in the fearful epidemic of yellow fever, in the year 1853. 

In 1854 the Rev. W. W. Lord, D. D., was called to be the 
rector, and continued his services until the fall of the city in July, 
1863, when he left with the Confederate army, and resigned the 
parish in October, 1865. 

On the first Sunday in advent, 1865, the present rector, the Rev.' 
Henry Sansom, D. D. , on the unanimous invitation of the vestry, 
having been called from Mobile, Ala., took charge of the parish, 
and is now in the twenty-fifth year of his rectorship. During his ad- 
ministration the church edifice has been remodeled both externally 
and internally, making it one of the most attractive and comfortable 
churches in the city. 

During his labors of a quarter of a century Dr. Sansom has de- 
served, as he has received, the esteem, confidence, and affection ot 



138 



In and about Vickshurc. 



his congregation, besides luiving the resjiect of the community at 
large. 

All appreciate the noble manner in which he discharged his duties 
to his parish during the epidemics of yellow fever, when members of 
his church were prostrated with that terrible plague. 

Divine service is held in this church on Sundays at ii o'clock 
A. M. and 5 P. M., and during the week, on Wednesday and Friday 
evenings at the same hour. Persons taking the street car at any 
point can ride to within a few steps of the church door. 

Strangers or visitors to the city are cordially invited to attend this 
church, where they will be welcomed, and receive attention from 
polite ushers. 

The Rev. Henry Sansom, D. D. , rector of Christ Church, Vicks- 
burg, was born near Nottingham, F.ngland. 

In consequence of severe sickness, and 
cotinuously failing health, a complete 
change of climate was recommended by 
his physicians as his only remedy, which 
resulted in his coming to the United States, 
where in the course of a few years his 
health was perfectly restored. His edu- 
cation, which had been interrupted by his 
sickness, was completed in the city of New 
York, where for three years he was a 
private pupil of the Rev. Dr. McVickar, 
of Columbia College, and under whose 
thorough training he completed his classi- 
cal and theological education. 

He was ordained Deacon in St. Peter's 
Church, New York, by Bishop Alonzo 
Potter, of Pennsylvania, April 16, 1848, 
and was immediately sent as a missionary to Texas. On the 14th 
of January, 1849, he was ordained to the Priesthood by Bishop 
Freeman, in Christ Church, Houston, to which church he was 
subsequently called as its rector. 

After nearly five years' service in Texas, on February 6, 1853, 
he accepted a call to Grace Church, Canton, Miss. Here he re- 
mained until he was called, in 1861, to the rectorship of Christ 
Church, Mobile, which he held to the close of the War. 

In the fall of 1865 he received a call to his present parish, 
Christ Church, Vicksburg, of which he is now in the twenty-fifth 
year of his rectorship. 

Dr. Sansom is one of the oldest clergymen in the Protestant Kpis- 




RK\' lll',XkV SANSOM. 



In AM) ABOUT VlCKSBlfRG. 



'39 



copal Church in the Diocese of Mississippi. He has been elected 
a representative to the General Convention of the Dioceses almost 
continuously from 1S59, antl for many years has occupied the po- 
sition of President of the Standing Committee. Christ Church, of 
which he is rector, is one of the oldest chuches in the city, and 
when first built occupied a central and most eligible location. But 
of late years, and especially since the "cut-oif" occurred, it has 
had to contend with an uncontrollable evil — the tentlency of the 
jjopulation of the city to follow the river— leaving Christ Church in 
the northern limits of the city. 

Still, the old church retains its hold on the affections of the 
people, and has a good congregation, a flourishing Sunday-school 
of nearly 200 scholars, a strong and working Guild, and 150 com- 
municants. 

This venerable and estimable gentleman has not only been the faithful 
pastor, but loving friend, guide, and counselor to his parish. During 
the terrible yellow fever epidemic of 1878, when disease, desolation, 
distress, and death caused the stoutest hearts to quail, he remained 
at his post of duty, cheerfully ministering to the wants of his sick 
and needy, and by his presence and example did much to allay 
panic. His quarter ofa century of service has been exceedingly 
satisfactory, not only to his congregation, but to all who know him, 
and it can be safely said that Dr. Sansom is not only admired, but 
loved and respected. 



CHURCH OF THE HOLY TRINITY. 

The Church of the Holy Trinity, at the corner of South and 
Monroe Streets, is one of the landmarks of the city. It is of Norman 
architecture, and was designed by Mr. Edward Jones, now of Mem- 
phis, Tenn. , Mr. Willam Stanton, of Vicksburg, being supervising 
architect. 

The building comprising tower, nave and chancel, with two 
transepts used respectively as organ and vestry rooms, has a seating 
capacity of about seven hundred and fifty. It is 52 feet wide by 
125 feet long and to the apex of the roof 61 feet high. The foun- 
dation of the tower is 21 feet below the ground surface, making its 
total height to the top of the cross 2 1 1 feet. Its commanding 
situation and graceful proportions render it a conspicuous object 
from all parts of the city. 

The west elevation on Monroe street ^hows a broad gable, with 
the zigzag tracery peculiar to the Norman architecture, and bearing 



I40 



In and ABoi'T VrcKsm'KO. 



upon its face a stone cross surmounting a memorial window dedi- 
cated to " the dead wlio fell in the battles at Vicksburg in the years 
1862 and 1863," and having blazoned upon it the arms of the lost 
Confederacy and of the restored United States. The east end con- 
tains an apsidal chancel, with three handsome stained glass window. 
The transept on the right contains a handsome pipe organ, that on 
the left the baj)tistry and robing room. 

The parish of Holy Trinity was organized September 29, 1869. 
by the election of Messrs. W. H. Fairchild, E. D. Farrar, T. A. 
Marshall, P. F. Whitehead, E. T. Henry, Jas. W. Gray and D. W. 
Floweree as its first vestry. These gentlemen called the Rev. W. W. 
Lord, D. D. to be rector of the new parish. 

The increased membership of Christ Church parish, and the rapid 
development of the city southward, seemed to call for a place of 
worship more convenient to that locality. Canonical consent having 
been obtained, the lot was bought, a chapel built, and funds soon 
raised for the larger edifice. 

But the massive tower requiring very deep foundations, years 
passed, and Dr. Lord resigned the field in which he had so faithfully 
labored without having reached the goal of his desires. During 
Bishop Adams's rectorship the church was completed externally, and 
within made sufficiently comfortable for the use of the congregation. 
Other improvements have been added from time to time, a striking 
feature of the building being the new ceiling just completed, after a 
design by Mr. Jones, the original architect. It is of selected yellow 
pine, admirably in keeping with the general plan of the building, 

and is the work of Mr. D. C. Lauder- 
dale. It is hoped that the decoration 
of the interior may be completed 
during the present year. 

The first rector of Holy Trinity was 
the Rev. W. W. Lord, of Charleston, 
S. C. He was succeeded by the Rt. 
Rev. William F. Adams, forrtierly 
Missionary Bishoj) of Arizona and 
New Mexico, now Bishop of the 
Diocese of Easton. 

The present rector, the Rev Now- 
ell Logan, is a native of Charleston, 
S. C. At the breaking out of the 
War, being then in New Orleans, he 
enlisted in the Confederate army and 
REV. Nowiax i.oGAN. served faithfully until the final sur- 




Tn and ahout Vicksiu'Rc;. 143 

render. In 1881 he was ordained to the priesthood, by the 
venerable Bishop Green, in the church of which he is now rector, 
and was nearly eight years in charge of St. James, Port Gibson, and 
the missions of Claiborne County. 

His first parish was that of St. James, Port Gibson, Miss. This 
he left to take charge of the parish of Holy Trinit}-, January i, 
1888. 

At the Diocesan Council of 1883 he was elected a Deputy to the 
General Convention, and has since continued to represent the Diocese 
of Mississippi in that body. He is also Dean of the Convocation of 
Natchez, Secretary and Registrar of the Diocese, a member of the 
Standing Committee and Editor of the Church News, the official organ 
of the Diocese. 

Upon the election of Bishop Adams to the Diocese of Easton Mr. 
Logan was chosen to succeed him as Rector of the Church of the 
Holy Trinity, Vicksburg, and assumed the charge of that important 
parish on the ist day of January, 1888. 

The parish of Holy Trinity is incorporated under an act of the 
Legislature, bearing date February 11, 1878. The congregation 
embraces about one hundred families. The cost of the church 
buildmg so far has been about $70,000. 

The present vestry of the church consists of Dr. G. W Howard, 
senior warden ; M. F. Smith, junior warden ; T. M. Smedes, E. C. 
Carroll, Gen. E. S. Butts, E. Martin, E. M. Moore, Judge H. F. 
Simrall, Col. E. C. Floweree, W. H. Fitz Hugh, R. V. Booth and 
W. H. Smith. 



THE VICKSBURG BAPTIST CHURCH. 

This church is situated on the corner of Walnut and Crawford 
Streets. It was organized on the sixteenth day of October, A. D. 
1839, with twenty-six members. At this time the members had no 
house of worship, but met at the residence of some one of their brethren, 
and afterward rented a hall for public worship. The minutes of the 
church do not show when the building of the church house was 
undertaken, but state that the pastor, W. C. Crane, was authorized, 
on the 6th of May, 1848, to raise funds for the purpose of "finish- 
ing our house of worship." Sometime after the War the church was 
destroyed by fire, but it was rebuilt in the year 1879. during the 
pastorate of Rev. Mr. Burr. The church has suff"ered the vicissitudes 
of the War and pestilence, being reduced, at several times, to a very 
small membership ; but these, with true and noble and generous 



144 



In and AKoir \'icksrurg. 



Christian hearts, have firmly and unitedly stood together, and thrown 
back the clouds that overshadowed them and the dangers that threat- 
ened their church existence. 

Under the pastorate of Rev. T. J. Walne the church took on new 
courage and grew into a strong, active, and aggressive body; but in 
1878, during the terrible yellow fever epidemic, the membership was 
again largely reduced by death and removal. At the present time the 
church is in a good state of organization, and doing efficient work 
in the city as a religious body, besides contributing liberally to the 
missionary and other benevolent enterprises of Christian interests 
abroad. 

With a membership of 148, the church raises and expends more 
than $1,800 in Christian work annually. She has among her 
membership some of the most prominent and influential citizens of 
our city, doing business as lawyers, schoolteachers, cotton merchants, 
merchants, mechanics, painters, and other trades. Under the control 
of the church there is a well-organized and active Sunday-school, from 
which the church frequently receives additions to her membership. 

The present officers of the church are R. A. Cohron, pastor ; A. 
LeGrand, C. F. Borchart, and George Anderson, deacons ; H. C. 
JMcCabe, treasurer, and G. G. Pegram, clerk. 

Rev. R. A. Cohron, now the 
pastor of the Vicksburg Baptist 
Church, was born in Talifaero 
County, Ga. , on the first day of 
August, A. D. 1842. When he was 
four or five years old his father 
moved from the State of his birth, 
to Carroll County, Miss. 

The rudimentary part of his edu- 
cation was received at Milton 
Academy, an excellent high school 
for the education of young men. 

At the age of eighteen he entered 
the Sophomore Class in the Univer- 
sity of Mississippi, and remained 
in college till the tocsin of war 
sounded which led to the bloody 
conflict between the States. Inspired 
with a feeling of love and loyalty to his beloved Southland, in com- 
mon with the youth of the country, he left the classic halls of the uni- 
versity to enter the service of the Confederate States as a soldier. 
He was mustered into the service of his country as a member of 




REV R. A. COHRON. 



In AM) AHOl'T ViCKSBUKG. I47 

the Carroll Rangers, a cavalry company, which afterward became 
"Company A" of the First Regiment of ■Mississippi Cavalry, under 
command of the noble, true, and brave Col. R. A. Pinsan, of Pon- 
totoc County, Miss. 

During the whole of the War he served his country as faithfully as 
he knew how to do, and at its close received a parole from the Fed- 
eral officer at Grenada, Miss. 

When the War had closed and the dove of peace looked down 
upon our country, lying in desolation and ashes, he found his father's 
fortune all gone, so that the partial education obtained before the 
War became the only basis and capital for business in life. 

Not having means sufficient to finish the collegiate course at the 
university, his father proposed that he take the law course which 
he had in mind before the War, agreeing to pay the expense of the 
same. 

The proposition was accepted by the son, and in the winter, 
A. D. 1865, he entered the Law Department of the Cumberland Uni- 
versitv, in Lebanon, Tenn. , and w^as graduated from this institution 
in the summer, A. D. 1867, with the degree of L. B. 

In the fall of the same year he began the practice of law at Vaiden, 
]Miss. , a town of some commercial importance, and near his father's 
home. 

The practice of law was continued at Vaiden, Carrollton, and 
Winona with sufficient success, till he was compelled by the con- 
victions of conscience and the indication of Providence to relinquish 
his chosen profession for the higher and holier calling in which he is 
now engaged. 

Soon after beginning the practice of law he sought a partner — not 
a practitioner of the law, but one who was willing to share his fortunes 
and misfortunes as a wife. 

In pursuance of this design, he sought and found Miss Kate 
Gaden, of his own county, who had recently been graduated from 
the Union Female College at Oxford, Miss., and was married to her, 
on the third day of November, A. D. 1868 : who with a true Christian 
woman heart has nobly filled her part of the engagement which was 
then made between them, to walk life's journey together. 

The fruit of this union of the husband and wife is an only 
daughter, INIiss Alberta Cohron, of whom the parents are justly 
proud. 

In the year A. D. 1873, at the call of the Vaiden Baptist Church, 
R. A. Cohron was set apart to the full work of the Gospel ministry, 
the Rev. Henry Pittman and Rev. H. F. Sproles forming the 
presbytery. 



148 



In and ARorr Vicksrurg. 



This church iininccHately called him who had been their deacon 
to become their pastor, which office and honor he accepted and 
continued to till until he resigned to take care of the Winona Baptist 
Church, as missionary pastor. He served the Winona church as 
pastor for six years, in the meanwhile building up, with the assist- 
ance of the members, a strong, active, and influential church. 

In the year A. D. 1884 he resigned the care of the Winona 
church, and at the solicitation of his brethren in Vicksburg, came 
to his present pastorate to aid them in holding forth the gospel of 
Christ as Baptists understand it. The Church in this city has stead- 
ily increased in its membership and influence since the union of 
pastor and people began. 



ST. PAUL'S ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH. 

Is a Gothic cathedral, and is one of the oldest in the city. Its 
interior is ])rofusely ornamented with statues, alto-relievos, pictures, 
and stained-glass windows. This church has a chime of ten bells, 
purchased two years ago at $8,000, and said to be the only chime 
in the Gulf States. It suffered considerably during the bom 
bardment, but only a few scars of the conflict are now visible on 
its massive brick walls. It fronts on Crawford Street, at its intersec- 
tion with W^alnut Street. Its pastor, the Rev. H. A. Picherit, was born 
in France, November 10, 1831. He came to America as a missionary 

in 1854 ; he spent several years on 
the frontier of Texas and in the In- 
dian Nation. At the breaking out 
of the Civil War he became chaplain 
in the Confederate army. When 
the War ended he took charge of 
several missions in Mississippi — 
was pastor at Jackson for twelve 
years. In 1878 he left Jackson to 
attend the yellow fever patients at 
Vicksburg. He became pastor of 
St. Paul's Church at Vicksburg in 
1880, and under his administration 
vast improvements have been made 
in the church. St. Paul's Church 
has been beautifully frescoed, and 
boasts of having the only chimes in 
the South. His congregation num- 
bers about two thousand souls, not including a floating Catholic 
population. 




REV. H. A. PICHERIT. 



In and about Vicksburg. 15^ 



CONGREGATION " ANSHE CIIESEU. 

Contemporaneous with Vicksburg attaining the dignity of city- 
hood, there lived here, mostly along the water-front, a small number 
of Hebrew families. They were engaged in mercantile pursuits, 
imd belonged to the first-comers from Germany and Poland. At 
that early date they were in the habit of assembling in a hall on 
Levee Street, kindly provided by the late Mr. B. Yoste, who acted 
as the leading spirit and quasi-president of the early congregation. 
Here they held divine service on the Sabbath and holy-days. Not 
having a regularly ordained minister, well-learned laymen ofticiated. 
First, the late and yet kindly remembered Isaac Gusdorfer, Esq., 
and after him Squire L. M. Lowenburg, still among us, a most 
esteemed citizen, and Justice of tne Peace for the last twenty-six 
years. As the number of Israelites and their prosperity increased, 
they soon resolved, guided by liberal and enterprising members, to 
erect a "House of God" on one of the best thoroughfares of the 
city, for which all the money required was subscribed at once; and 
the foundation-stone for the present temple on Cherry Street was laid 
by the late Rev. Dr. James Gutheim, of New Orleans. It was finished 
in 1878, and dedicated and named "Anshe Chesed" (Benevolent 
Men) by the late Rev. Dr. M. Lilienthal, of Cincinnati, Ohio, who 
came to Vicksburg especially for that purpose. The first president 
under the new order of affairs was Sam Fischel, Esq. Under his 
administration the late Rev. Dr. J. B. Gotthelf, then of Louisville, 
was called as the spiritual guide, and the reform mode of worship 
adopted. No man is more kindly remembered by all classes of 
citizens than the late incumbent, who, after eight years of devoted 
service, fell a victim to the yellow fever scourge in 1878. 

The congregation continued to prosper, especially under the wise 
management of the present president, Isaac Brown, Esq., who has 
held this office for the last sixteen years. 

The rabbi now officiating, was called soon after to the pulpit. 
The Rev. Dr. H. M. Bien is widely known as an efficient pastor, 
orator, and literary writer. He is also superintendent of the Sab- 
bath school, numbering about a hundred pupils. 

The present Board of Directors are: 
I. Brown, Presidejit. Laz. Hirsch, 

S. SusMAN, Vice-President. Phil H. Feld, 

J. Shlenker, Treasurer. Joe Hirsh, \ Trustees. 

Samuel Fishel, Secretary. Joe Newitter, 

J. GUSDORFFER, 



152 



In and AHOl'T ViCKSBl'RG. 



A large sum, exceeding $4,000.00 has been raised lately by vo- 
luntary contributions to renovate the exterior of the temple building. 
The congregation owns a cemetery, for the maintenance and 
beautification of which they lately expended large funds, whereby it 
has become one of the finest in the State. 

Charity is dispensed by the Ladies' Hebrew Benevolent Society, 
doing its work for the unfortunate and needy in connection with 
private help, so that it has become a common saying in this city, 
" The Jews have no poor." The late Mrs. Hannah Hornthal was 
its founder and president until death removed her from her labtirs 
of love. INIrs. J. Gusdorfer is at present at the head of this efficient 
institution. 

The total number of Jews living in Vicksburg is about 100 
families, not exceeding 500 souls. They are mostly prosperous, 
honored and respected by their neighbors, and classed among the 
best of orderly and law-abiding citizens. 

The Rev. Dr. H. M. Bien, resident Rabbi of the Congregation 
"Anshe Chesed " (Benevolent Men), is a native of South Germany, 

a graduate of the University of 
Rostock, and holds his title of 
divinity from an authorized Rab- 
binical college. At the conclusion 
of his studies, and when yet a very 
young man, he came to this coun- 
try, was called first to the pulpit 
of New Haven, Conn., and two 
years afterward to a like position 
in San Francisco, Cal. He was one 
of the first Jewish divines on the 
Pacific Coast, and was honored by 
being elected to the first Legisla- 
ture of the State of Nevada. After 
twelve years he returned East and 
held positions in New York-, Chica- 
go, Dallas, Tex., and has been for 
the last ten years widely known as 
minister of the above temple, He 
belongs to the Rabbinical reformed school of Judaism, and as a 
preacher he is earnest and eloquent, drawing large audiences, con- 
sisting of jews and Gentiles, weekly to the place of worship. 

Some of his sermons and lectures have been printed and are widely 
read, especially his eight sermons on the Thorah in the light of 
modern investigation, but he is better known as a literary 




RKV. DR. H. M. niKN. 



In and arout Vicksburg. 153 

writer, and has earned for himself the title of " Rabbi-Poet" all over 
the land. A fine volume of his poems, entitled "Oriental 
Legends," endorsed highly by so great an authority as the late 
jNIr. Longfellow, His "Tragedy of Samson " and other dramatic 
writings, enjoy universal reputation. 

He is now about fifty years of age, in the prime of manhood, and 
is one of the popular characters in the State. 

He has a very interesting family, his oldest son being associated 
with the Hon. James M. Gibson, District Attorney, as law partner. 




Christ Church. See page 137, 




PART IV. 



SILHOUETTES. 



A Child's Memories of the War. 

LIKE silhouettes cut sharply against a sunny background, war 
memories stand clearly defined in my childish recollection. 
Sitting at my mother's feet, rocking my doll, I remember 
my father, a staunch Union man, coming into the room and 
announcing something in an excited voice. My mother snatched 
me to her breast with a gesture of instincdve protection. 
" Mamma, what is it.? " I whispered. 
"War," she answered, holding me tighter. 
"What is that.?" 

" Ruin and desolation ! " she replied, bursting into bitter weeping. 
And then for what seems a long time I have no distinctive memo- 
ries 

I * * * 

The next I recall is a season of brightness mosi incongruous 
with my present sentiment towards war. Vicksburg is garrisoned ; 
what appears to me a vast multitude of men march the streets ; 
women toss flowers and wave their handkerchiefs; flags are flying; 
handsome men, with a glitter of gold about them, glance hither 
and thither on prancing steeds : the drums are rolling, and even the 
wee ones in the nursery march, charge, battle and " play soldier. " 

Grant is shelling by the river ; our pleasant home, the old house 
on the hill, is deserted ; my mother has removed the household 
three miles out on the road to "Big Black," beyond range of the 




mm 


m v '■> IS*' 


•' 


■' 



jKU-isii SvNAcoGiTE "Ansciie Chksei.." See 



In a\d about Vicksburg. 157 

shells. Who is this sweet-faced young woman with us, a little blue- 
eyed boy clinging to her skirts? I do not know when she came. 
She seems to have been here indefinitely, but I know she is the wife 
of General Allan Thomas, that handsome officer who rides the big 
gray charger, and seems, to my imagination, no other than the 
gallant prince in the fairy-tale, who is always sallying forth to 
succor some imprisoned princess. 

Some business calls our mother to the city for the night. The 
carriage is waiting ; she is bidding us adieus when, beginning to cry, 
I cling to her dress and beg to go too. Attempted bribery indig- 
nantly refused ; a moment's indecision; I redouble my sobs, and the 
battle is gained. "I don't reckon they will shell to-night," says 
my mother, glancing thoughtfully towards the town. " Em," to her 
pretty mulatto maid, "fix the children ; I'll take them all," and in a 
few minutes all three of us are testing the carriage-springs, tears 
forgotten and peace restored. 

* * * 

Fleta, our beloved black "Mammy," that dear adjunct of ante- 
bellum days, cuddles us to her broad bosom and rejoices in the 
presence of her " chillun. " I fall asleep in her arms, to start up in 
my little bed at two o'clock in the morning, wide awake and dumb 
with terror. What is this awful thunder that rocks the house .'' 
What those fiery lights flashing through the moonless night.? 

My mother takes me in her arms and hurriedly draws on my 
little stockings. 

"Be quiet, my dear, " she says, in a voice I do not recognize. 
"They are shelling the town, but Alfred* will take us safe in the 
carriage. " 

So demoralized is our coachman that he drives off at full speed 
with the empty carriage! With a single cry my mother endeavors 
to enfold her three little ones in her embrace, but the terror of the 
moment is too much for us. Unconscious of what we do, we break 
away from her hold, and join the rushing throng in the street. I 
lose sight of my brother and sister. The sky seems smitten with 
conflagrations; blood red demons, some spherical, some oblong, 
come hurtling over me with a terrible sizz and bury themselves in 
the ground not three feet away; there is a dull report, and I fall 
helpless, half smothered with hot earth. (Only yesterday I pointed 
out to my northern husband, whose father fought on the other side, 
the place where I fell.) I escape being crushed by the trampling 
crowd, but it seems all time before I am caught up in protecting 

* The black coachman. 



158 In and ahout N'ickshikg. 

arms by a lilllc bo\, ihc son ol a ncii^hbor, wlio bravely and labor- 
iously carries me iVom danger to safety. 

To-day, when I meet Mr. Prentice Lewis of this city, and ex- 
change a decorous greeting, I distinctly recall in him the gallant 
little lad who courageously carried, through panic and danger, a 
frightened child three long miles in his weary little arms. 

In some mysterious manner we are all gathered at our temporary 
home at the Ferguson place; my little sister is sobbing on Em's 
shoulder, she vainly trying to soothe her; my brother, a little owl- 
eyed boy, sitting on the steps, announces: "Here comes my 
mamma," and in a moment our distracted mother is with us, wildly 
weeping, and requiring all evidence to be convinced that her children 
are not dead. 

By Providence, our young lady sister was away at a ball, so the 
fragment of shell that we afterwards discover has pierced her bed, 
and, crashed into the floor beneath, has done no dangerous havoc 

Surrounded by several young companions, she stands in her ball 
dress, just as she fled when the gunboats opened fire, when the 
soldier escorts were forced to fly to the batteries, leaving the terrified 
girls to escape as best they might. All are in evening dress, now 
torn and draggled, and all seem talking at once. Several I do not 
know, but one face is familiar. This is Miss Lucy Gwynne, daughter 
of Senator Gwynne. I look at her tall form and big black eyes 

until all grows wavering — fades away in a mist — and I fall asleep. 

* * ' * 

"Tramp, tramp, tramp! the boys are marching!" Long lines, 
full of strength and courage, file by the gate on their way to Big 
Black. Mrs. Thomas, my mother and sister stand by the gate, 
flinging flowers into the ranks, ladling out water to the thirsty, 
uttering words of encouraging prophecy, confidence, and hope. 
Allie Thomas and myself stand on the square posts of the gate, 

clapping our hands and shouting. So the night comes on. 

* * * 

Only last night, and all was so bright. What has happened to- 
day ? Mrs. Thomas is weeping and wringing her hands ; my 
mother stares before her, with white, fixed face ; my sister is in 
tears. 

"Stragglers'' are pouring past the gate in groups of three, ten, 
twenty. " What news ! " " We are beaten. Our army is flying," 
and on they go to the town. The ambulances roll by ; they 
seem freighted with groans ami dripping with blood. Two 
men gallop up, fling their bridle-reins to an orderly, and enter the 
house. 



In and about Vicksburg. 



i6i 



"Oh, James!" cries my mother, rushing to Dr. J. M. Hunt, 
surgeon in the Confederate army, and burying her face in his 
golden beard; " what shall we do?" 

"You must go," he answers briefly. "Grant will close round 
the city to-night. My brother is away. I must act in his place. 
You and the children must go." Mrs. Thomas is in her husband's 
arms, her agonized face full of mute appeal, but the brave 
soldier, in the very shadow of death himself, seeks safety for his 

wife and child. 

* * * 

The night is deadly dark ; we are packed away in carriages ; my 
black nurse, Dora, holds me tightly in her arms, whispering vague 

threats of a "Yankee bugger-man" 
if I cry ; dimly seen bodies of men 
move swiftly and silently by ; Dr. 
Hunt and General Thomas ride be- 
side us on horseback, frequently 
advancing in response to some un- 
known voice from the darkness, de- 
manding, "Who goes there.?" I 
hear whispers of " Hayne's Bluff," 
"by river and land," "Pemberton," 
"Grant," but they convey no mean- 
ing to my mind. At last the car- 
riages pause ; low-voiced instructions 
are given to the drivers ; two tall 
forms become accentuated against 
the darkness, and a voice says, "we 
can go no further." Solemnly they 
take leave of each other, those whom 
closest ties of life and blood have 
bound, and I am conscious, in a 
dim, childish way, that anguish 
worse than death is beside me. 
Then w-e go on, and the two men turn back to enter the doomed city. 

* * * 

A grand plantation in Yazoo County, close by the great, rolling 
river. A palatial home, fitted with every luxury. To the right the 
"quarters" lie in a cluster like a low-built, white-roofed village. 
Cotton-fields encircle it; bright-turbaned slaves, like a cloud of 
blackbirds with red lop-knots, are busy with the crops. Here, 
hospitably detained for a few days' rest by Mr. and Mrs. Partee, are 
the " refugees." 




1 62 In and about Vicksburc;. 

It is morning, and Chris Partee, the little golden-haired son of 
our host, Allie Thomas, and I arc led away by our nurses on Shet- 
land ponies. We are under a great bridg. watering our tiny steeds, 
when there is a clatter of hoofs above, and directly several men 
ride under the bridge, dusty and dishevelled. 

"Do you know who we are?" asked one lifting me in his arms. 

" Stragglers "' I answer promptly, a term used during the war to 
designate a few soldiers away from their command. 

" Do you know what this color means.?" he continued, touching 
his coat, and for the first time I noticed with a deadly sinking of 
heart, that their uniforms are blue. 

' ' Oh, you are Yankees " I cry with a refreshing candor that 
brings a ringing laugh from the lips of Gen. Frank P. Blair, in 
whose strong arms I am cradled and, placing me on the giddy 
eminence of his own horse, he leads it toward the house, all follow- 
ing, and so we return to our distracted mothers. 

As far as the eye can reach is a blue army, arisen as quickly and 
mysterionsly as though it were a harvest of dragons' teeth. The 
plantation is sacked ; officers strive in vain to keep the men in 
control ; every live thing (not human) is appropriated or slaugh- 
tered. Pigs and poultry, run through by the bayonet, or their 
heads and tails divorced by a quick, sharp sword cut, strew the 
ground in bloody heaps. My young sister (engaged to a soldier in 
Lee's army) owns a lovely riding-horse, pure white and blooded. 
She stands holding his bridle, determined not to be dispossessed of 
her pet. A soldier seizes it, but instantly a little silver-mounted 
pistol flashes in the air. 

" What ! " he cries recoiling, "would you dare shoot me } " 

"No," she answers, "not with so many to back you, but if you 
advance one step I will blow out my horse's brains," presenting the 
muzzle to Rudolph's white forehead. General Blair perceiving the 
situation, springs forward with an oath, striking the soldier with his 
sword. With many kind and gallant words he places a guard at 
my sister's side and after that Rudolph is undisturbed. 

Everything is confusion; the great "smoke-house" is broken 
open ; hogsheads of molasses and barrels of meal are rolled out, the 
heads staved in and the contents mixed in a disgusting mass : feather 
beds are brought from the house, ripped open and the feathers 
added to this novel pot pourri. Lawless disorder reigns supreme. 
To add to the desolation of the scene a drizzling rain begins to fall. 

* * * 

It seems late in the afternoon ; marching orders are given, the 
army gathers itself together and tramps away. In its wake, like a 



In and about Vicksburg. 165 

tidal wave sweep the wildly excited blacks "shouting the battle-cry 
of freedom." 1 see our coachman harness our horses to our carriage, 
seat some graceful, darkskinned house-maids on its delicate cushions, 
and mounting, drive away. Kut peeping out from my mother's 
dress, I am Alice in Woaderland, and can make notliing real. 

That morning we sat down to an elegant table glittering with 
silver and crystal, ladened with every dainty, and served by obse- 
quious waiters ; to-night we gather about a bare board containing a 
single dish of corn meal mush, no knives, no forks, and only one 
spoon for us all. And for this meagre fare we are indebted to an 
old plantation " mammy " whose small store has escaped the uni- 
versal Pavia of provisions. 

* * * 

Where are we now ? I cannot place the scene, but I know the 
camp is called " Milldale, " and the elegant, graceful man before us 
who offers my mother a cup of " real coffee " (that rare Dixie treat,) 
is General Robert Lowry, now Governor of Mississippi. The long 
level rays from the slowly-sinking sun fall across the camp with its 
picturesque white tents. My mother is laughing and telling of 
how she makes coffee of roasted sweet potato and beans ; my pretty 
little brown-eyed sister is complaining that the foot-sore, half-clothed 
soldiers do not "dress" for dress-parade, and one of the men, not 
an officer, is smoothing my long, light locks, and telling me in an 
indistinct voice of a " little daughter at home" and as he speaks, 
he draws a ragged sleeve across his eyes. 

* * * 

We are in the little town of Canton. The place is alive with 
troops, but they make upon me no impression, as soldiers have 
ceased to be a novelty. My father is with us, grave, anxious, and 
severe. My mother seems always in tears. 

" Papa," I say, one day, when he and my mother are sadly whis- 
pering their fears together, "do you want the South to whip.? I 
thought you were a Union man." 

" So I was, my child," he answered, sorrowfully. "But when 
my State went, I had to go with her." 

Then, one terrible morning, the town rises in a tumult; there is 
mad galloping through the streets; orders are rapidly given, and as 
rapidly countermanded; different generals, surrounded by their 
staffs, appear and disappear. Mrs. Thomas, with Allie in her arms, 
seems speechless with grief, and my sister weeps beside her. Over- 
powered by an influence I can not comprehend, I steal breathlessly 
to my mother. She is in her bedroom on her knees, her white face 
drowned in tears. 



1 66 In and aboit Vicksburg. 

" Oh, mamma ! oh, mamma !" I cry. " What is the matter?" 
She clasps me to her heart — poor, bewildered, youngest lamb of 
her flock — and answers, simply, "Vicksburg has fallen !" 

* * * 

Mother and the rest are in Alabama with my father's beloved 
friend. Mr. L. L. Q. de Yamport. A contagious fever appears ; my 
brother and sister are ill, and Dr. Hunt visits my mother, and car- 
ries me away lest I too fall victim. I have never before slept out of 
my mother's room, but so tender and kind is my handsome, young 
uncle to his little niece that I soon grow reconciled. So I find myself in 
Clinton where Dr. Hunt has charge of a hospital. My uncle and 
myself are a new edition of Mary and her little lamb, and all the 
young ladies are so anxious to be kind to me that I think in my 
innocent heart that I must be a very sweet and pretty child. 

Then comes a fresh battle, I know not where, and many more 
wounded are brought in. For a day or two I do not visit the hos- 
pital, but then I beg so hard to go that I am taken. As we pass in, 
I see a pile of legs and arms heaped in a fire-place. I shudder and 
turn away my little face overcome with the great mystery of pain. 
In the long wards there are many cots, where many forms are 
stretched — some writhing in agony, some painfully still. The hag- 
gard faces brighten wistfully as the physician appears, and many 
wan smiles are given to " the doctor's little girl." One cot does my 
uncle approach with what seems to me infinite tenderness, and the 
matron, (Mrs. Gen. Bonham) bends above it with a face whose 
severe composure is belied by her anxious eyes. In this cot lies a 
drummer boy of fourteen years, whose gaze seeks my uncle with a 
mute anguish of interrogation. Gently he pauses besides him, and 
removes a mass of bloody clothes from a breast that seems torn in 
two. Only a moment — and the clothes are tenderly replaced, the 
eyes of nurse and physician meet, and my uncle says simply "Give 
him whatever he wants." " Doctor," says the childish voice, "Am 
I going to die ? You -need not be afraid to tell me. I am a soldier 
like yourself" "And a brave little soldier, Jim. You have done 
what you could for your country. Is there anything I can do for 
you now.?" The bright blue eyes, a little bewildered, falter for a 
moment. "You can leave me your little girl for awhile — I am not 
a bit afraid, but I have a mother. — " 

"I know, Jim; I know. She shall stay as long as you want 
her" and as my " uncle" hurries away I find myself lifted in a stool 
by the matron, and then two poor frightened children are left to 
face the mystery of death alone. For a while we are very still, and 
then "Can you write ? " he asks abruptly? 



In and about Vicksburg. 



167 



This is a new and unexpected difficulty, but I rise to the emerg'- 
ency. " I can//7«/"I say," will that do?" We agree that this will 
do very well, and 1 signal to Mrs. Eonham, who brings me a pencil, 
a half sheet of wall paper, and brown paper envelope. And this is 
the letter that is sent next day to a soldier's widowed mother : 

DERE MOTHER 

THe docTeRs LiTLE girl wRiTes You This. I am 
sHoT Too PiEcES AnD I AIM DyiNg BUT i AM DYiNg 
LiKE A BRAVE SOLDIER. I AM NOT ABiT AFRADE 
BUT O MAMA MY MAMA i WANT TOO SE YOU SO 
BAD. 

JiM. 

Struggling with my own fright and distress I read the letter aloud, 
and then the brave little heart too proud to give away before physi- 
cian and nurse breaks down, and bit- 
terly do we sob together. The matron 
returns nad takes me in her arms, the 
little fellow asks to kiss me good-bye, 
and then I am borne away. 

Next morning I enter the ward with 
a trembling heart. The early sunlight 
falls on the drummer boy's empty cot 
and the sheets are airing in the window. 

"He sleeps his last sleep, he has 
fought his last battle. No sound can 
awake him to glory again." 

Long after the war is over a stran- 
ger lady who has travelled a weary 
way, enters my uncle's office. She holds 
in her hands a scrap of wall paper, 
covered with uneven capitals, and she 
asks with tears for the little girl who 
wrote that dying message. I am away 
at school and do not see her, and even 
her name, to-day I do not know. And «, 

alas ! the beloved ones who could assist my memory they too have 
passed over to the "silent majority. ' 

* * * 

We are riding in ambulances ; my mother says we are going home, 
and my uncle is with us. We cross a creek or river (is it Big Black ?) 
and then blue uniforms appear, we all halt, and my uncle alone pre- 




1 68 In and about Vicksburg. 

pares to go forward, — I beg to go with him — my mother demurs, 
but it ends by my jumping from the ambulance into his arms, and 
we advance under escort. We seem to stop very often and I grow 
somewhat tired and fretful before we at last enter a tent where a 
rather thick-set man in civilian's coat and military trousers, sits-at a 
table covered with papers and writing material — a table on which a 
lamp is burning although it is midday. My uncle advances with 
uncovered head and presents some papers that I have learned to call 
"passports." The quiet occupant of the tent does not rise, but as 
he sU)wly examines the proffered passports, he draws me between his 
knees and I stand there imprinting his features on my memory with 
a child's curious intentness. Then he speaks some courteous w^ords, 
writes a few lines on a paper which he gives to my uncle, and so dis- 
misses us with a quiet kiss on my forehead. And to-day it is with 
me a proud memory that my childish brow was honored by the lips 
of the nation's hero. General U. S. Grant. 

* * * 

We are at home, in the old house on the hill. It is occupied as 
military quarters but my uncle in gray uniform walks about with 
blue-coated men apparently on the most friendly terms, and all as- 
sure us that the house will at once be turned over to my mother. 

Our black mammy receives us with wild rejoicing, and she and 
my mother, to the wide eyed wonder of the Federals, weep openly in 
each other's arms. In sister's room, in her writing desk, we find a 
letter from my father's nephew. Gen. O. P. Gooding, of Indiana. 

Quartered in the house by the chances of war, it is onlv after sev- 
eral days that he discovers himself in his kinsman's house, and 
when under marching orders he leaves behind him a letter of fare- 
well. 

My uncle goes ; we are still surrounded by soldiers, but they wear 
blue instead of grey, and when they come to the door we are no 
longer called upon to give up our "Dinners." How often, — alas! 
too often ! — we little ones have cheerfully carried our full plates to 
some sick " boys in grey " contentedly sitting down to our bits of 
bread while our mother, with eyes in which fire and tears com- 
mingled, spoke words of encouragement and hope to the faint and 
weary men ! 

Our mother resolutely declines the "oath" and the "rations" 
which the Government would willingly accord us, but we are treated 
with great and uniform courtesy, and are furnished a "guard '' that 
we may not be disturbed. The first is called Dave. He is slender 
and boyish and must be very young for he plays by the hour with me 
in the garden, and when with my doll I play " Keeping house" in 



In and about Vicksiujrg. 171 

the cave in the hillside, he pays us visits with great decorum. Then 
comes Mr. Brooks. He is much older, and tells me long stories of 
his farm and little ones in Indiana. And when he talks of his " little 
Mary " his voice is not always clear. Is he living I wonder ! I would 
be glad to know that he remembered the little Southern child to 
whom he was so kind. 

We have many new friends — Capt. Skinner, who presents me 
with a lovely little pony, and candy and dolls ad libitum, greatly to 
my satisfaction and possibly to my detriment. Col. Stockton, of 
Chicago, a strikingly elegant and handsome man, whose unvarying 
kindness wins even my mother's heart, which is so encased with 
loyalty to the South as to be steeled against everything Federal ; 
Lieut. Chauncy Black, whose attention is so deeply engrossed with 
my black-eyed young lady sister that he has no leisure to notice me, 
a fact which I deeply though secretly resent. 

And Gen. McPherson, that gallant soldier, beloved alike by 
friend and foe. I recall him as I saw him when my mother, 
weighted with some especial plea, called at his headquarters. His 
splendid uniform, his knightly bearing, his dazzling smile, are still 
before me, radiant as the sunlight. Over his untimely grave the 
North and South may well strike hands of amity and mingle their 
tears above the sacred ashes of the bravest of soldiers, the most 
generous of foes, the gentlest and most stainless of gentle and stain- 
less gentlemen, James B. McPherson. 

* * * 

Father is away somewhere in the "Confederacy." Sister has 
crossed the ' ' lines " (with the permission of Gen. McPherson) to 
join her soldier-lover (David McCaleb), who comes home on 
furlough to make her his wife. My second sister and brother are at 
school. Mamma and Mammy are always talking together, and so I 
am left much to Em, the coquettish mulatto maid, who dresses 
both me and my doll, plays "ladies" to my heart's content, and 
flirts immensely with Billy, Capt. Skinner's laughing young orderly, 
a straight-limbed, yellow-skinned boy, who is very proud of his 
uniform. 

He comes very frequently to our big, cool cistern for water, bal- 
ancing the bucket on the gallery balustrade and talking in whispers, 
interspersed with much laughter, to Em — a proceeding I view with 
contemptuous disapproval. I think them very stupid to stand whis- 
pering together when they might be chasing the butterflies with me. 
Then comes a night when Em consigns me to my tiny white bed with- 
out the accustomed story and I am promised wonderful things if I 
will only be good and let her.go talk to Billy who is waiting out- 



172 In and about Vicksburg. 

side "without leave." And then some stranger comes for water 
in Billy's place, and Billy comes no more — Em is often in tears, 
but with that intense love of excitement which is an African's char- 
acteristic, she seems to find comfort in grief. 

One soft, bright morning, with a great air of mystery and many 
injunctions to secresy, she asks me if I "want to see the last of 
poor Billy?" and of course, I answer yes. We have some difficulty 
in eluding my mother, who appears to be on the alert, but at last 
we are ensconced in the pear-orchard behind the hedge, which sep- 
arates our grounds from the camp. The soldiers are in full array — 
there is a curious square in the centre — I see and recognize the offi- 
cers — I feel the presence of something not understood and bend 
eagerly forward. 

Suddenly the drums beat, the l)and appears playing some strange, 
mournful strain that shakes my infant soul, and a figure walks forth 
with bowed head and bandaged hands— a figure that I recognize as 
Billy — ^I cannot speak — I cannot withdraw my fascinated eyes. 
That wailing music continues — Billy advances, kneels down on a 
long, unpainted box, and some one binds a handkerchief about his 
eyes. Then a squad of soldiers advance, some signal is given, 
there is a sharp report, and as the smoke clears away, I know what 
it means. For the young deserter lies across his coffin, with a 
breast all crimson, and Billy — poor Billy — is dead. 

I lose all control of myself Em dares not take me home, and at 
last it is Captain Skinner who carries me up the hill, his bronzed cheeks 
wet with tears not all my own, and gives me back to my horrified 
mother. 

* * * 

A lovely and beloved woman — Mrs. Reese Cook — has been foully 
murdered. 

Twelve lawless colored soldiers, intoxicated with liquor and 
doubly drunken with the strange new wine of liberty, have entered 
her yard — her house — and shot her down in the midst of her chil- 
dren. 

She is dead — my mother's friend — and my mother mourns for her; 
yet the tears c>f grief, as they fall, are dried by the flush of indig- 
nant hate for her murderers. 

Nothing else is discussed, and I listen as a child listens — every 
sense absorbent. 

At last three of the luckless wretches turn "state's evidence," and 
the remaining nine are arrested, imprisoned, tried, and condemned. 

Again and again are the atrocious details related. 




The Author of the Silhouettes. 



In and about Vicksburg. 



/:> 



Sleepless at night, with dihxted eyes, I seem to witness the fright- 
ful scene. 1 see the body of the murdered woman pierced, after 
tleath, with the "blessed candle" torn from the little Roman 
Catholic altar in her own chamber, and whittled down to fit a 
musket's smoking barrel. I hear the shrieks of the terrified children 
as they scatter in the darkness, one little fellow, beaten by bayonets, 
hiding helpless beneath a hedge until the red rose of dawn breaks 
blossoming in the azure field of heaven. And the mills of the gods, 
grinding slowly, still grind exceeding small, and the last day — the 
last hour — of nine miserable men has rolled around. In a valley 
known as "O'Neal's Bottom," a valley shut in by beetling hills and 
in full view of our sunny garden, a strange structure has arisen — a 
ghastly framework whose significance is death. In a cleared space 
great guns are planted, for there are whispers of an effort at rescue, 
and if such should be the case the military orders are to mow the 
multitude down. The crowd gathers ; the hills are covered with 
spectators ; the drums roll, and and there comes the measured sound 
of many, many feet. Then Mammy hurriedly ties on my little 
bonnet, takes my hand in hers, and we slip out and are lost in the 
ever-increasing throng. 

Soldiers surround the gallows ; silent sentry, fuse in hand, stands 
by the deep-mouthed cannon ; suppressed groans smite the air ; 
the criminals are standing in that strange house, all beams and no 
walls. 

"Don't look, honey — don't look ! " and Mammy strives to hide 
my face in her bosom, but I struggle to be free, and just as I turn 
my face back to the gallows a wild, moaning cry of "Farewell, 
brothers," breaks from a thousand throats, and nine convulsed and 
trembling shapes are dangling in the air. They sway, jerk and 
quiver, nine frightful silhouettes, and then hang motionless, black 
blots on a soft page of sunny space. 

' ' Mammy, are they dead ? " 

"Yes, honey, they'se in jidgment. May the Lord have mercy 
on their sinful souls ! " 

* * * 

Papa is at home : the soldiers are old friends : everything appears 
to go smoothly, when one day a whirlwind seems to shake the town. 
Horror and consternation stamp every face, and a storm of grief con- 
vulses the land. For once I am unnoticed, and I forget to feel 
injured as I creep with my doll to the sunniest end of the long front 
porch and study in wonder my father's movements. With pale face 
and compressed lips he stands upon a ladder and is draping the 
house in endless yards of funereal black. 



176 



In AM) ABOUT VUKSBUKC;. 



It is hours before any one takes time to explain to me that mourn- 
inp^ symbols are compulsory — that in the shrouded halls of the Capi- 
tol a great-hearted man lies murdered, a martyr to his conscience, 
and it is years before I realize what a blow the already sorely 
smitten South has sustained in the unprovoked murder of Abraham 
Lincoln. 

* * * 

Furled is war's crimson banner ; the silent trenches are tenanted 
only by the springing grass and creeping lizard ; the once bloody 
battle fields are now green with peaceful planting, and the whirr of 
the partridge replaces the awful tumult of carnage. The blue and 
the gray are merged into each other, and the memory of the old, 
sad, bitter days sinks into the past "like a dream within a dream." 
To-day, on the most important battle-field of the War, the living of 
both armies meet in brotherly love, but those who have grounded 
their arms forever "sleep well" by the rolling river ; no bugle cry 
pierces their slumber, since the roll-call of death has been answered. 

Sleep, brothers, sleep ! 

Your fame will keep 

As fresh and pure as the winds 

that sweep 
0"er ferny fell and fen ; 
In whiter tents than we ever knew, 
In peace eternal, grand and 

true. 
To-day the fallen gray and 

blue 
Are camped with God ! 

Amen. 
Alargaret Hunt Brisbane, 




Louis Hokfman. Sec page i8o. 



PART V. 



A FAMOUS MISSISSIPPIAN. 

No notice of the distinguished public men of Vicksburg would 
be complete without some mention of Hon. Jefferson Davis, for 
many years a resident of this county, and a frequent visitor to this 
city, whose recent death plunged the entire community in mourning. 
His name and reputation are indissolubly connected with Warren 
County; for, as an orator recently remarked, it was as a citizen of 
this county that he was called to every public position that he ever 
filled. His local career, however, v;as principally that of a pros- 
perous cotton-planter. After the death of his first wife — a daughter 
of Gen. Zachary Taylor — his brother, Joseph Emory Davis, gave 
him a large tract of land, then a wilderness, situated in Davis Bend, 
on the Mississippi River, about twenty miles below Vicksburg, and 
now known as Brierrteld plantation. Here the future President of 
the Southern Confederacy immured himself for seven years, in the 
course of which time his ability as a planter was demonstrated by 
his success in redeeming this splendid estate from the primeval 
jungles which covered it. Some years after the War Mr. Davis 
recovered this property, after a long and vexatious lawsuit, which is 
one of the most celebrated civil actions recorded in the legal annals 
of the State; and he visited it at frequent intervals afterward, 
although his health was generally unfavorably affected by exposure 
to its unhealthy climate, and a visit made there shortly before his 
death undoubtedly caused his fatal illness. 

His brother was for many years a brilliant member of the Vicks- 
burg Bar. 

Mr. Davis was always considered a great orator, and as he took 



I So In and about Vicksrurc. 

an active interest in politics, had ample opportunity to display his 
forensic abilities. He was also a frequent and powerful contributor 
to the local Democratic press. He never lost sight of his planting 
interests, however, and remained from first to last a Southern planter 
of the finest type, though of late years his health obliged him to in- 
trust his plantation to the management of an overseer. Many ties 
bound him to Vicksburg, and some of his warmest friends among 
his contemporaries are still found here. During the past few years 
he made the city frequent visits, and his tall, spare figure, clad in 
Confederate gray, his invariable dress, was a familiar object on 
Washington Street. 

At his death the grief of the community was appropriately evinced 
in a manner that had not been paralleled since the death of his 
great lieutenant. Gen. Robert E. Lee. 



Among other members of the Vicksburg Bar worthy of mention 
are Hons. A. G. McNutt and Wm. L. Sharkey, both Governors of 
the State, and especially eminent. Judge Sharkey was one of the 
greatest lawyers of the United States, and left a strong impression 
upon the Constitution of the State. His judicial ability was of the 
highest order, and he shone also as an orator. 

Capt. Horace Miller was also a notable legal light of that day, 
whose brilliant abilities are transmitted to a second generation in 
the person of his not less brilliant descendant, Hon. T. M. Miller, 
the present Attorney-General of the State. 



LOUIS HOFFMAN. 

Louis Ferdinand Alexander Hoffman was born at Berlin, Prus- 
sia, his father being a Prussian army officer. He lost both of his 
parents very early, and has supported himself ever since he was 
fouteen years of age, being brought up in the machine and locomotive 
shops of Borsig at Berlin, at that time the largest establishment of 
its kind in Europe. He landed in New York in 1852, and after 
staying a short time in St. Louis, came to Vicksburg in 1853 and 
worked in the large machine shops and foundry of Zimmerman & 
Reading, located where the lower compress now stands. At that 
time, all the planters being wealthy, there was a great demand for 
fine sporting guns, and there being only two small gun shops in the 
city, Mr. Hoffman opened a gun store and employed skilled work- 
men. He was very successful, made a fortune, and was about to re- 
turn to Berlin when the War commenced. DuringtheWarhe met with 



Tx AND ABOUT ViCKSBURG. l8l 

serious losses, but, not discouraged, he started anew in the gun, hard- 
ware, and agricultural implement business, fully recovering his for- 
tune and building up an immense trade. To-day the lofty 
" Hoffman Block " shows what industry, push, and perseverance 
will accomplish. The ground on which the building stands con- 
tained the finest residence in Vicksburg, and was originally 22 feet 
high, but was cut down to the street grade by Mr. Hoffman. 

I'his gentleman was inside the city during the siege, and General 
Grant's Chief of Ordnance, Lieutenant Burdick, looking for a com- 
petent mechanic, requested him to accept the position of Master 
Armorer. He started the shops for Lieutenant Burdick, and holds 
testimonials from him that any man might be proud of. 



HON. J. F. BAUM. 

Hon. J. F. Baum was born at Baden, Germany, in 1828. He 
came to this country with his parents in 1834, settled near Sandusky, 
Ohio, where he remained five years, assisting on the farm, and re- 
moved to Vicksburg in 1839. From 183910 1857 he was employed 
by his uncle in the fruit and tobacco business, receiving no other 
compensation for his services than his board and lodging, though 
in 1855 his uncle presented him with a piece of property which he 
still has. In 1857 he bought, for $4,000 on credit, his uncle's busi- 
ness. This he conducted successfully until the beginning of the 
War, but during those trying times his business was discontinued 
and his personal property lost. Undismayed by these losses, he, 
in company with George C. Kress, early in 1865, opened a clothing 
and furnishing house, which was destroyed by fire in December of the 
same year. In 1880 he established, in partnership withW. H. Stow- 
ers, a book and stationery store, which was also destroyed by fire 
in 1885. 

During this interval he was engaged in several other enterprises, but 
has now retired from mercantile business. 

He was appointed by Governor Alcorn an Alderman for the Fourth 
Ward in 1870, was not a candidate for re-election in 1872, but was 
elected in 1874, and with the exception of one short interval has 
continued to hold office. 

He was elected President of the Board of Aldermen of Vicks- 
burg in 1879 for two years, and was again elected to the same po- 
sition in 1889. 

In 1873 he was elected a member of the Board of Supervisors of 
Warren County. 



182 In and ahout Vicksbiirg. 

In 1882 he was made a trustee of $31,000 county bonds that 
were issued to assist railroad building through the county. By his 
determination and integrity in the discharge of this important duty 
he protected the interests of the county, and the Ship Island R. R. 
Co. failing, the L. N. O. & T. R. R. Co. complied with the law 
and received the balance of the bonds. Thus it will be seen that 
this faithful official was one of the principal factors in having this 
great trunk line built through our county. 

His zeal and energy were again displayed in 1873, when he was 
elected President of the Taxpayers' League, an organization com- 
posed of large taxpayers and the best class of white citizens. This 
organization, under his leadership, was one of the main instrumen- 
talities in securing the removal of carpet-baggers and negroes from 
office and the establishment of a new order of things which resulted 
in great benefit to the community generally, and was the initial step in 
the movement which finally resulted in a complete overthrow, 
throughout the State, of this class of officeholders, and procured for 
Mississippi the prosperity which she still enjoys. 

Mr. Baum owns some of the most valuable real-estate in the city. 
His handsome block of three-story buildings on Washington Street, 
near Crawford, are of modern architecture, commodious and 
comfortable. 

The domestic relations of this gentleman are extremely happy, 
and he is the father often children, six of whom are still living. 

For more than fifteen years he has been a vestryman of Christ 
Church, and is now one of the wardens. 

Mr. Baum has been repeatedly honored by his fellow-citizens, and 
has honored them by faithfully serving them many years, always dis- 
charging with cheerfulness, zeal, ability, and integrity every position 
he has held. 



HON. R. F. BECK. 

Hon. R. F. Beck, Mayor of Vicksburg, whose portrait we give 
elsewhere, illustrates fully the opportunities the New South offers 
for men of brains, energy, character and industry. This prosper- 
ous gentleman is a native of New York, but came to Vicksburg in 




Hon. J. F. Baum. See page i8i. 



In and about Vicksburg. 185 

1865, since which time he has been one of the leading and most sub- 
stantial citizens. His popularity is attested by his having been 
Sheri ft" of Warren County six years and is now serving his third term 
as Maytr. Under his progressive administration Vicksburg has im- 
proved very materially, many works of a public character having 
been completed besides a number of private enterprises started ; 
the policy of the city being such as to encourage enterprise of all 
sort. Mr. Beck is identified with the building up of the City and 
is interested in a number of enterprises, being President of the 
Vicksburg Building Association, Director in the First National 
Bank, Director in tlie Home Insurance Co., President of the Yazoo 
ct Tallahatchie Steamboat Line, Secretary and Treasurer of the 
Vicksburg & Delta Transportation Co., and is also a successful 
planter owning several thousand acres of land in the vicinity of 
Vicksburg that produces about one thousand bales of cotton an- 
nually. 'Sir. Beck has an elegant home on South street besides 
having other holdings of valuable real estate in different parts of 
the city. 

LEE RICHARDSON, JR. 

Among the numerous products of the New South none attract 
more attention than their young men, those born since the war, 
who are daily making their mark by their own effort in the profes- 
sional and commercial walks of life throughout the country. Vicks- 
burg is well and ably represented in this connection in the subject of 
this sketch, Major Lee Richardson, Jr., who first saw the light of 
day Christmas Morn, December 25, 1866, in historic Vicksburg. 
He attended the public schools of his native city as a youth, later, 
the Bingham INIilitary Institute of North Carolina, subsequently 
graduating from the Southwestern Presbyterian University of Clarks- 
ville, Tenn. , in 1885. With an aptness for mercantile life, he, 
during the holidays, applied himself dilligently to learning thor- 
oughly the intricacies of his father's large business, and after gradu- 
ating, at once gave his whole time to the duties of the store ; 
thus laying the foundation for the business sagacity and commer- 
cial knowledge that has made his life so successful. His ability, 
aptness and fitness were handsomely recognized when he was elected 
Vice-President of the Lee Richardson Hardware Co., July , 1889. 
He is also Vice-President of the Yazoo & Tallahatchie Transporta- 
tion Co. , Vice-President of the Vicksburg Driving Club, and Presi- 
dent of the Gibraltar Publishing Co. He is a stockholder in the 
Delta Trust & Banking Co., Cotton Compress Co., and other finan- 
cial institutions. In fact, it is safe to assert that he is always ready 



i86 In and about Vicksbur(;. 

and willing to assist in any enterprise that has for its object the 
advancement of his city, county or State. He is a Major, and 
A. D. C. on the staff of the Governor, and takes great interest in the 
State militia. Major Richardson is of fine presence, his manners 
are affable and unassuming, and he is deservedly popular among his 
fellow citizens. 

COL. CHARLES PEINE. 

The subject of this sketch, whose portrait adorns the opposite 
page, was born at Camden, New Jersey in 1823. When some seven 
years later, both of his parents and eight brothers and sisters were 
suddenly taken from life by a severe cholera epidemic, he was bound 
out to a coppersmith in Philadelphia, from whom, however, he 
fortunately escaped, and found more congenial employment on the 
Pennsylvania Canal. At the age of fourteen he found his way to 
Cincinnati, Ohio, where he learned the business of rigging, which, 
bringing him into acquaintance with the steamboat men, soon en- 
abled him to pick up a thorough knowledge of the varied duties of 
a river boatman, so that when scarcely of age he found himself a 
mate of the steamer "New World" then plying the Ohio river. 
Two years later he went to Wheeling, where William and Charles 
Stone built him two magnificent steamboats, which together with 
the " New World " he commanded for the following sixteen years 
on the Ohio and Mississippi rivers, from Wheeling to Cincinnati, 
Louisville, Vicksburg and New Orleans. During this period Col. 
Peine receiv dthe highest salary ever paid a steamboat captain on 
ihe Western Rivers, and commanded the finest boats that ploughed 
their waters. This enabled him to build and run boats of his own, 
at one time embracing five of the most palatial steamers on the 
Mississippi. 

In 1846, he entered the service of the nation, accompanying the 
Louisiana troops to the Mexican War, through which he served faith- 
fully and with distinction. At the close of the war he removed his 
family from New Orleans to Vicksburg, which he had regarded as his 
home for many years, and has since that time been one of our 
most estimable citizens. During the Civil War he was First Lieu- 
tenant of Capt. Willian Henry Johnson's company, and was prom- 
inent in the defence of Vicksburg during the siege. Since the war 
he has carried on an extensive livery business, at one time owning 
one of the finest racing stables in the country, and is regarded as 
among the enterprising business inen for which our city is famed. 
He is the second oldest citizen of Vicksburg, is a Free Mason of 



In and about Vicksburg. 1S9 

high degree, the Treasurer of his lodge, and one of our best known 
and most popular citizens. 

JOHN ALEXANDER KLEIN. 

No history of Vicksburg would be complete without a sketch of 
this remarkable man, who for nearly a half century shared its for- 
tunes and was an important factor in its development. As a quiet, 
unassuming business man, his life was devoid of exciting episodes, 
but contains many examples that will not soon be forgotten. Mr. 
Klein was born at Waterford, Loudon County, Va., in November, 
181 2, and came to Vicksburg in 1836. He.began business as a jew- 
eler, but left that in a short while to engage in the lumber business, 
which under his control developed rapidly, and he became the owner 
of numerous saw mills. Though his losses during the War were 
heavy, he soon by ability and energy recovered from their effects, and 
pushed forward with renewed vigor and great success, being for 
years Vice-president of the Vicksburg & Meridian Railroad. He 
founded and was the principal stockholder in the Planters" Com- 
press, the first built in Mississippi, and was the senior partner in the 
Vicksburg Bank, which was established in 1866, but severed his con- 
nection with it after a few years to become President of the Missis- 
sippi Valley Bank. From this position he retired in 1881. His 
energy was of inestimable value to the city, after the destructive fire 
of 1867, in negotiating loans and giving his personal supervision to 
rebuilding the burned district. While actively engaged in numer- 
ous business enterprises, public affairs always claimed his attention, 
and he served several terms acceptably as a member of the City 
Council. He was a lifelong and consistent member of the Episco- 
pal Church, being a member of that beautiful structure, the Church 
of the Holy Trinity. Mr. Klein died February 3, 1884, aged 72 
years. The family residence, of w'hich a cut is given is one 
of the oldest and handsomest in the State, and is now occupied by his 
venerable widow. 

COL. E. CORDWENT. 

While Warren County has many planters of distinction and 
wealth, there is none more completely successful generally than 
Colonel E. Cordwent, who illustrates fully General Grant's motto, 
"Nothing succeeds like success." 

This estimable gentleman was born in Devonshire, England, in 
1824, remaining on his father's farm for twenty- two years, with eight 



190 In and ahout Vickskurc. 

years in London^ coming to this country in 1855, arriving in 
Warren County in 1864, and beginning cotton planting on Belle Isle 
in 1868, where he is at present. 

Under his executive administration this antl the Old River Planta- 
tion produce about 1,000 bales of cotton and 12,000 bushels of corn 
per annum. 

This popular gentleman's word is as good as his bond, and the 
success he has achieved is due to his ability and the opportunities 
the New South offers to men of energy, industry, and character. 

The cotton in the street scene elsewhere in this book is from 
Colonel Cordwent's plantations. 

COL. F. L. MAXWELL. 

The subject of this sketch was born in Sullivan County, Ind., in 
the year 1839, and was reared on a farm, his early education being 
very much neglected. He left the farm in 1862 and enlisted in the 
Ffity-ninth Indiana Infantry Volunteers, and remained until the War 
was over, doing active service all the wdiile, and was mustered out July 
24, 1865. Hereturned to Sullivan County, engaged in business until 
the following spring, and then came to Louisiana, where he engaged 
in cotton planting, losing every cent he had in the two disastrous 
years of 1866 and 1867. He then moved to Walnut Bayou, Madison 
Parish, Louisiana, where he has been actively engaged in planting 
and merchandising ever since, and is now the owner of several 
thousand acres of as fine alluvial lands as are to be found in the 
Mississippi Valley. Here he raises all the grain, hay, etc., consumed 
on his plantations, cotton being the principal crop. He also raises 
Irish potatoes for the Northern markets with great profit, having 
shipped as many as six thousand barrels in a single season. 

This gentleman is a great advocate of the Louisiana Levee 
System, and is President of the Board of Commissioners, Fifth 
Louisiana District, having charge of the Levees from the Oak Line 
to the mouth of Red River. 

He also takes a very active part in all agricultural matters, and is 
Second Vice-president of the State Agricultural Society. 

T. MARSHALL MILLER. 

Thomas Marshall Miller is justly regarded, not only as one of the 
most prominent representatives of the young men of Vicksburg, but 
one of the most distinguished citizens of the State. 

He is a native of Claiborne County, Miss., but has been a 




E. CoRDWENT. Sue pay c 1 89. 



In and about Vicksburg. 193 

member of the Vicksburg Bar for nineteen years, and has reached the 
highest rank in his profession. 

He represented Warren County in the Legislature of the State of 
Mississippi in 1884, and achieved distinction as a leader in the 
lower house. 

He was elected Attorney-General of the State of Mississippi in 
1884, and was renominated by acclamation in the State Democratic 
Convention of 1889, and was re-elected by the people for another 
term of four years at the general election held in November, 1889. 

His great talents, varied accomplishments, fascinating address, 
handsome presence, and ardent patriotism make him one of the 
most popular men in Mississippi, and no office within the gift of the 
people of his native State is beyond his reach. 

His fund of anecdotes seem inexhaustible, and as a public 
speaker he rarely fails to amuse as well as instruct his audience. 

He is full of energy, hope, and public spirit, and is a firm believer 
in the great commercial and industrial future of the South and of 
the city of Vicksburg. 

It would be difficult to find within the broad limits of the State of 
IVIississippi a man more universally esteemed and admired than 
Marshall Miller. 

HENRY MARX. 

The subject of this sketch, although a resident of New Orleans, is 
so thoroughly identified with the cotton seed and steamboat inter- 
ests of Vicksburg, that he is entitled to a prominent place in the 
pages devoted to those gentlemen whose enterprise has materially 
contributed to the development of the commerce of our city. 

Mr. H. Marx is a native of Germany, but has been a citizen of 
the State of Lousiana since he arrived at maturity. 

He is a director of the Yazoo & Tallahatchie Transportation 
Company, a Mississippi corporation with its domicile at Vicksburg, 
whose boats constantly navigate the Yazoo and Tallahatchie Rivers, 
and whose business is an essential factor in the promotion of the 
trade of Vicksburg. 

He is also a director and one of the largest stockholders of the 
Inter-State Transportation Company, a corporation which owns 
three powerful towboats and twenty barges, and transports annually 
fifty thousand tons of cotton seed, besides immense quantities of 
miscellaneous freight. , This is one of the wealthiest and most suc- 
cessful steamboat organizations either in Mississippi or Louisiana. 

Mr. Marx was for fifteen years secretary of the New Orleans 



194 



In AM) ABOUT ViCKSBURG. 



Cotton Seed Association, and is now manager of the Cotton-seed 
Department of the Union Oil Company located at New Orleans. 

He is popularly known as the "Cotton Seed King." While the 
magnitude of his operations may fairly entitle him to the sobriquet, 
yet the only distinction to which his modesty permits him to aspire, 
is that which his sterling integrity, uniform courtesy and con- 
sistent generosity have already secured, the reputation of a devoted 
citizen of his adopted State and an honest man. 



T. A. MARSHALL. 

Tliomas Alexander Marshall, third son of Martin Marshall and 
Matilda Battaile Taliaferro, his wife, was born March 29, 1812, at 
Augusta, Ky. , graduating at Augusta College when sixteen years 
old, served a time in the Clerk's office at Washington, Ky. , un- 
der Judge Key, and read law under him and the direction of his 
father, and was admitted to the Bar and tried his first law suit before 
Jesse Grant, Esq., the father of our distinguished G>.neral, commonly 
called Ulysses S. (by a sort of Presidential or prophetic anticipation 
of his future representation of the United States). 

His health suffering from the chill 
blasts of Kentucky, he removed to Mis- 
sissippi, then an inviting field for law- 
yers, which at tracted some of the ablest, 
making the journey on horseback. Ar 
riving at Vicksburg, Miss., he had the 
distinction of being one of the few men 
of his class who did not carry arms. 
He entered the office of Harrison & Holt, 
both able lawyers, with the largest prac- 
tice there, and the latter regarded as one 
of the most forcible and convincing of 
the orators of that day, especially notice- 
able for his severely classic style. 

He and the late Wm. C. Smede]S(who 
married a Marshall) assisted that firm in 
what was then considered the remarkable 
featof bringing over one thousand suits to one term of one of the 
courts in which they practiced. 

Upon the retirement of those gentlemen from the Bar with what 
was then regarded as ample fortunes made by the law, Mr. Mar- 
shall formed a partnership with Mr. SmedeS, and their names are 
inked with the reports of Mississippi. 




T. A. Marshall. 



In and about Vicksburg. 195 

Mr. Marshall in 1844 married Letitia, the daughter of Major An- 
derson Miller, who was also of a Kentucky family of Virginia descent, 
and was one of the pioneers of steamboat navigation of our Western 
rivers and also in the cotton-seed oil manufacture, and was then 
United States Marshal for Mississippi. 

Mr. Marshall devoted his life to his large law practice, not seeking 
political preferment, which his remarkable modesty, his independ- 
ence of character, and contempt for the arts of the demagogue or 
politican made distasteful to him. He, however, was elected to the 
State Legislature on the Union ticket in 185 1, in the convass that al- 
most anticipated or precipitated the Secession movement often years 
later. 

He was also elected to the Secession Convention of 1861 as a Union 
man — an honor unsought, but conferred on him by the spontaneous 
voices of the people of Warren County as the best exponent of their 
opposition to disunion. 

He was one of the thirteen members who voted against Secession. 
His age and delicate health unfitted him for military service. After 
the capture of Vicksburg he was invited there by General Grant, who 
urged him to use his efforts to end the strife. In this interview 
General Grant, it is believed, first advanced his celebrated theory 
of overcoming the rebellion (as he called it) by "attrition," saying 
that he did not believe that Lee's army could be whipped outright. 
Although Mr. Marshall (like all his family) was devoted to the 
Union, he had submitted to the decision of his own people, and 
cast in his lot with them. 

After the War ended he returned to Vicksburg, was a member of 
the Reconstruction Convention of 1865, being almost unanimously 
elected, and took the position that Secession having been condemned 
by the arbitrament of war (to which it had appealed), and armed 
resistance to the Federal authority having ceased, the States then 
recently engaged in it had never been, in the light of that judgment, 
legally out of the Union, and were entitled to all the rights of States. 

It was this view, advanced by him and other Southerners, and 
pratically conceded by Chief Justice Chase, which, as much as the 
magnanimity of the conqueror, saved the South from the usual con- 
sequences of armed resistance to national authority. 

After large and successful practice at the Bar Mr. Marshall's 
health give way and he has been for years an invalid, his peaceful 
old age cheered by the affection of his family and friends, and en- 
joying the respect of all who know him. 



196 In and about Vicksburg. 

LEE IIICHARDSON & CO. 

Among the many examples of a life well spent in the pursuit of a 
career of strict integrity and usefulness, and of the building up of a 
business house whose ramifications extend throughout the whole 
Mississippi Delta, none stand more prominent and are more worthy 
of emulation than the lu)use of Lee Richardson & Co. Locate*d on 
Washington Street, in the heart of the business quarter, with every 
facility for the rapid handling of goods and the expediting of orders; 
with every department in charge of an expert superintendent, and a 
stock that is varied and complete, the volume of its business exceeds 
that of any other house in its line in the State of Mississippi, and equals 
the largest in the country. Lee Richardson, Sr., came to Vicks- 
burg early in the fifties, and in 1852 established, in a small way, the 
foundation of the gigantic enterprise that now bears his name. 
Through nearly forty years of an active business life, amid the vicis- 
situdes and trials of a civil war, and along the paths of enterprising 
prosperity, this house has been always a landmark of stability and 
energetic, well-earned business progress. On the ist of July, 1889, 
its trade had so largely increased that Mr. Richardson decided to 
incorporate it, increase its capital, and extend its facilities. To this 
end he admitted to the firm his sons — Lee Richardson, Jr., who 
became vice-president of the company, and Hugh Richardson, its 
secretary and treasurer. The former gentleman, whose genialty and 
good-fellowship are as well recognized in Vicksburg as his stirring 
business activity, is a major and aide-de-camp on the military staff 
of the Governor of Mississippi, and is among the social leaders of 
the city. 

Mr. Lee Richardson, Sr., has been prominent in the business 
and social circles of this community for the past forty years ; was 
one of the original promoters and incorporators of the First 
National Bank, the Merchants' National Bank, and the Delta 
Trust and Banking Company, of the latter of which he is presi- 
dent. The success that has attended all his ventures mark him 
as a business man of rare ability ; while he is universally re- 
garded as a leading representative citizen of Vicksburg. 

The firm imports and handles every variety of hardware, agricul- 
tural implements, machinery and seeds, china, crockery, and glass- 
ware, stoves and house- furnishing goods, plows, etc., etc. It is also 
the agent in this section for the Charter Oak Stoves, Belmont Nail 
Co., New York Belting and Packing Co. , B. F. Avery & Sons, plows; 
Washburn & Moens, barbed wire ; Buffalo Scale Works, Oriental 
Plow Company, Buckeye Mower, Blount's Steel Plows, Calhoun 



Col. Chas. I'eink. See page iS6. 



In and about Vicksbukg. 199 

Plows, as well as many other of the leading manufactories of the 
country. Its trade is drawn from Louisiana, Arkansas, and Missis- 
sippi, and its territory is rapidly widening from year to year. Enjoying, 
as it does, the advantages of ample capital, energetic management, 
and unexcelled facilities for meeting and handling its wares, the 
company is enabled to successfully compete with the best houses 
of St. Louis, Memphis, or New Orleans, and sell at prices that can- 
not fail to satisfy the trade of this entire section. 

ViCKSBURG Liquor and Tobacco Company. 

This enterprising firm, established less than three years ago, does 
an immense business, covering Mississippi, Louisiana, and Arkansas, 
and are we'l represented on the road by intelligent, experienced 
salesmen. 

They do a general wholesale liquor, tobacco, and cigar business 
amounting to between $250,000 and $300,000 per annum. 

Mr. J. M. Mclntyre, the manager and head of this house, whose 
picture we give above, formerly resided at Loch Lomond Plantation, 
Miss., but came to this city in 1883. Before going into the above 
business he traveled for Flash, Preston & Co. , New Orleans, for five 
years. He is fully identified with Vicksburg interests, and the 
business of his firm has increased, under his careful management, 
at the rate of from $50,000 to $75,000 per annum. 



200 In anu about Vicksbukc. 

A SOUTHERN BEAUTY. 

One of Vicksburg's Fair Daughters. 

Miss Julia Blanche McQuaide, whose portrait we give, is the 
daughter of Mr. John McQuaide, city editor of the Vicksburg 
Evening Post. Mr. McQuaide was a gallant soldier in the South- 
ern army, but is now one of the brightest and bravest of the recon- 
structed. We can add nothing to tlie letter of General T. C. Catch- 
ings that describes so graphically and correctly the peerless beauty of 
this little lady : 

The Portrait of a Beauty. 

The following beautiful letter in the Washington (D. C. ) Her- 
ald of February 6th is about as precious and lovely a valentine as 
the most distinguished belle in any country or clime could possibly 
wish for : 

House of Representatives, 
Washington, D. C, January 29 1887. 

Editor Sunday Herald : My attention has been called to a state- 
ment in your paper of the 9th instant that the original of the 
portrait in Harper s Magazine for the month, given as a beauty, is 
Miss Julia Blanche McQuaide, of Vicksburg. This is an error. I 
know Miss Julia and all of her family, and the portrait is not hers. 
She is not a Creole, but a native of Vicksburg, and in all respects 
the opposite of the Creole type of beauty. While the Harper party 
was in Vicksburg a number of prominent gentlemen there suggested 
that a sketch should be made of her as a type of the Vicksburg 
school-girl, and I presume that her picture will appear in the maga- 
zine in some future number. She is only fifteen years old, and is a 
pupil of the Catholic convent school there. Her beauty is marvel- 
ous. With features perfectly chiseled, faultless fair complexion 
hair almost, but not quite, curly, and of that exquisite brownish 
tint so beautiful and rare ; eyes of the kind poetically described by 
you as "starry gray," with the delicate bloom of youth and health 
upon her cheeks, you can imagine what a dainty and peerless beauty 
this little lady is. 

Please give this correction a place in your columns, and oblige 
yours truly, T. C. Catchings. 



PART VI. 

THE BIVOUAC OF THE DEAD. 



BY T. O HARRA, OF KENTUCKY. 



The muffled drum's sad roll has beat 

The soldier's last tattoo ; 
No more on life's parade shall meet 

That brave and fallen few. 
On Fame's eternal camping ground 

Their silent tents are spread, 
And glory guards, with solemn round. 

The bivouac of the dead. 

No rumor of the foe's advance 

Now swells upon the wind ; 
No troubled thought at midnight haunts 

Of loved ones left behind ; 
No vision of the morrow's strife 

The warrior's dream alarms, 
No braying horn or screaming fife 

At the dawn shall call to arms. 

Their shivered swords are red with rust. 

Their plumed heads are bowed, 
Their haughty banner trailed in dust, 

Is now their martial shroud — 
And plenteous funeral tears have washed 

The red stains from each brow, 
And the proud forms, by battle gashed, 

Are free from anguish now. 

The neighing troop, the flashing blade. 

The bugle's stirring blast. 
The charge, the fearful cannonade. 

The din and shout are past — 
Nor war's wild note, nor glory's peal, 

Shall thrill with fierce delight 
Those breasts that never more may feel 

The rapture of the fight. 



204 In and about Vickshurg. 

Thus 'neath their parent turf they rest ; 

Far from the gory field, 
Borne to a Spartan mother's breast 

On many a bloody shield. 
The sunshine of their native sky 

Smiles sadly on them here, 
And kindred eyes and hearts watch by 

The heroes' sepulchre. 

Rest on, embalmed and sainted dead ! 

• Dear as the blood ye gave, 
No impious footstep here shall tread 

The herbage of your grave. 
Nor shall your glory be forgot 

While Fame her record keeps, 
Or Honor points the hallowed spot 

Where Valor proudly sleeps. 



THE NATIONAL CEMETERY. 

But turn the page, let wars dread name, 

Be buried with his dead^ — 
O'er every scar, let peaceful fame 

Her downy mantle spread. 

Beat into useful ploughshares now. 

The once blood dripping sword, 
And from each council chamber vow, 

To banish fierce discord. 

A little more than a mile north of Vicksburg on the east side of 
the Yazoo Valley road, on which it fronts, is one of the most mag- 
nificent Cemeteries ever devoted to the interment of the dead 
soldiers of any nation. Here is a masterpiece of landscape en- 
gineering, and from the imposing entrance arch, to the verdant 
heights, and woundrous dells this splendid burial ground is a 
grand memorial to those who died for the Union. 

There are walks and drives about these grounds as delightful as 
any in the more pretentious parks of our Northern cities, and the 
visitors who neglect to spend a few hours in this charming retreat 
will miss one of the most pleasing experiences of their visit. A fine 



In and about Vicksburg. 207 

graveled drive twenty feet wide extends from the entrance, in the 
southeast corner, along the south side, overlooking the ravine, 
once peopled with thousands of armed men, to near the river ; then 
turns north and winds around below the terraces to the Yazoo 
Valley road on the east, and about one hundred and fifty yards north 
of the main entrance, near the lodge. A similar drive begins at the 
main entrance, and, winding around the plateau to the southwest, 
passes through the terraces, and connects with the main drive near 
a large natural mound in the southwest corner of the position 
circumscribed by the main drive. A series of terraces encircles the 
summit of the once forbidding bluff, now leveled into a charming 
plateau on three sides — south, west and north. Long avenues of 
trees, mostly Spanish oaks, lead in and out among these terraces, 
and these are supplemented everywhere with tropical plants and 
picturesque paterres of blooming flowers. Cosy nooks are here, 
where the tired visitor may rest, and drink in the vast panorama 
that stretches before him across the peninsula away to the Louisiana 
shores; delightful shades, where with book or sketch onemaybeguile 
the fleeting summer hours. 

The pathetic roll of the unknown dead who sleep here lengthens 
out until 12,719 are entered, with 3,889 known; a total of 16,618 
soldiers who lost their lives in the storming of the "Gibralta of the 
South and adjacent fields, during the memorable siege which resulted 
in Vicksburg's capitulation to Gen. Grant, July 4th, 1 861, after a 
contest begun in November the previous year. This cemetery is on high 
ground overlooking "Lake Centennial," and it would be difficult 
to find another location so fitting for the use. The grading, the 
drainage, the landscape gardening, in every respect, are admirable, 
and the effect in details is beautiful ; as a whole, imposing. On 
the plateau above the terraces is the Lodge, Flag Staff and Rostrum. 
From the top of the "Indian Mound," on which stands the Grant- 
Pemberton Monument, a landscape view unequaled in grand variety 
and extent, is presented — Lake Centennial encircling DeSoto 
Island at its foot, while, like a silver band, the broad Mississippi, 
fringed with its forests of emerald hue, in the distance folhnving a 
serpentine course, divides the valley below. Full view also is had 
of the forts and fortifications on Fort Hill, and the formidable 
redoubts that once formed from off the ridge as far as eye can reach. 

The main avenue, known as Grand Avenue, Indian Mound 
Avenue, and Chinaberry Avenue, are broad, cleanly-swept walks 
and drives, overhung by superb shade, and bordered with leafy 
foliage, that vie with the most pretentious avenues of Mount 
Auburn or Greenwood. Mound E, the site of the officers' graves, 



2o8 In and about Vicksburg. 

contains an elegant basin of water with fountain, and affords a 
delightful view of the river that is unsurpassed even in this wonderful 
Southern clime. 

Pen and brush have liberally essayed the task of presenting an 
adequate picture of the scenic beauties, and of the wonderful pano- 
ramic views from the top of " Lovers' Leap," but great as the innate 
sympathy of man with nature has been in the task, description falls 
feebly short of the engrossing attractiveness of the subject. 

This Cemetery is visited at all seasons of the year by tourists and 
travellers from our own and other lands, as well as the general public 
in the immediate vicinity, who seem never to tire enjoying its lovely 
drives, and the imposing effects of the trees, shrubbery and flowers, 
that are here in luxurious abundance. 

Studious pilgrimages will long continue to be made to the Na- 
tional Cemeteries near the great battle-fields, where the destinies of 
the Union or Confederacy were carved out of splendid lives, and 
upon which the glory of a peerless valor, still rests to consecrate the 
grounds, so long as the old Flag shall float. 

" Let Summer send her golden sunbeams down, 

In graceful salutations for the dead. 
And Autumn's moving hosts of leaflets brown 

Break ranks above the fallen soldier's head." 

It is believed that the United States is the only nation that has 
ever taken such care to collect the remains of its dead soldiery, to 
bury them respectably, and to make their ^;W resting places not only 
free from desecration, but beautiful and attractive. This sentiment 
of respect to the memory of the fallen, is humanizing and beneficial 
in its influence in enhancing the value of human life, and in point- 
ing out the fearful ravages of war. It also hallows the achievements 
of individuals, and thereby elevates the position of the rank and file, 
who are too often forgotten or overlooked. 

Soon after the close of the civil war, measures were taken by the 
General Government to collect at central points, in the vicinity of 
the various battle-fields, the bodies of those soldiers of the Union 
army whohad met their death in the service of their country. By an 
Act of Congress approved February 22, 1867, the sum ot $750,000 
was appropriated by Congress to enable the Secretary of War to es- 
tablish such cemeteries at such points as may be deemed most 
proper, to lay them off in proper system, to erect lodges at the prin- 
cipal entrances, and to mark each grave with a small headstone in- 
scribed with the name of the soldier whose body lay beneath. And 
by subsequent Acts, annual sums have been appropriated to enlarge 
and beautify these grounds, until there are now eighty-two of these 



In and about Vicksburg. 209 

National Cemeteries under the superintendence of the Quartermas- 
ter General of the army, including one in the City Mexico, Mexico, 
upon which the (Government has expended more than eight million of 
dollars. By a later Act, March 3, 1873, Congress provided that all 
soldiers, sailors or marines who served during the civil war, and 
who have died, or may die subsequent to that date, should be per- 
mitted the privilege of being buried in any National Cemetery free 
of cost. Thepecord of interments in these various National Ceme- 
teries shows that the one at Vicksburg is the largest in the Country. 
When it is considered that the number is equal to the present popula- 
tion of most of thesmaller cities of the Union, and exceeds that of any 
town in Mississippi or Louisiana, excepting Vicksburg and New Or- 
leans, some idea may be formed of the magnitude of this veritable 
"City of the Dead," which no visitor should omit to visit. 



THE BLUE AND THE GRAY. 



T. M. FINCH. 



By the flow of the inland river, 

Whence the fleets of iron have fled, 
Where the blades of the grave grass quiver. 
Asleep are the ranks of the dead : — 

Under the sod and the dew, 

Waiting the Judgment day; 
Under the one, the Blue; 
Under the other, the Gray. 

These in the robings of glory. 

Those in the gloom of defeat, 
All with the battle-blood gory. 
In the dusk of eternity meet : — 

Under the sod and the dew. 

Waiting the Judgment day; 
Under the laurel, the Blue; 
Under the willow, the Gray. 

From the silence of sorrowful hours 

The desolate mourners go, 
Lovingly laden with flowers 
Alike for the friend and the foe : — 

Under the sod and the dew, 

Waiting the Judgment day, 
Under the roses, the Blue, 
Under the lilies, the Gray. 

So with an equal splendor 

The morning sun-rays fall. 
With a touch, impartially tender, 

On the blossoms blooming for all : — 

Under the sod and the due. 

Waiting the Judgment day; 
'Broidered with gold, the Blue, 
Mellowed with gold, the Gray. 



In and about Vicksburg. 213 

So, when the summer calleth, 
On forest and field of grain; 
With an equal murmur falleth 
The cooling drip of the rain : — 

Under the sod and the dew, 

Waiting the Judgment day; 
Wet with the rain, the Blue; 
Wet with the rain, the Gray. 

Sadly, but not with upbraiding. 
The generous deed was done ; 
In the storm of the years that are fading, 
No braver battle was won : — 

Under the sod and the dew, 

Waiting the Judgment day; 
Under the blossoms, the Blue; 
Under the garlands, the Gray. 

No more shall the war-cry sever. 
Or the winding rivers be red; 
They banish our anger forever 

When they laurel the graves of our dead : 

Under the sod and the dew. 

Waiting the Judgment day; 
Love and tears for the Blue, 
Tears and love for the Gray. 



PART VII. 

THE STATE OF MISSISSIPPI. 



Its Resources and Progress. An Inviting Fielb for Immigration 

AND Capital. 



In addition to the complete and reliable data relative to Vicks- 
burg herein contained, we are enabled, through the courtesy of 
Hon. G. W. Carlisle, Commissioner of Immigration and Agricul- 
ture, and Col. J. L. Power, of Jackson, Miss., to give the fol- 
lowing information about the State, its numerous resources, its 
health, climate, etc., that cannot fail to be of interest to our many 
readers, and valuable to intending settlers : 



Jackson, Miss., August 21, 1889. 
Captain J. F. Merry, Manchester, Iowa : 

Yours of 1 6th received, asking for certain data relating to the 
State of Mississippi, so as to give you "a correct idea of what she is 
and what she may become," and that "the information is to be 
used to the advantage of the State." As it is your custom, on all 
occasions, to speak and write good words for Mississippi, I cheer- 
fully comply with your request. 

area and acreage. 

The census of 1880 gives the number of square miles in Missis- 
sippi 46,810; total acres, 29,958,400. The auditor's report for 
1887 gives 29,378,265 as the total acreage. 

It is quite impossible to give you the number of acres cultivated 
lands and the humber of acres undeveloped. The assessments 
mate same. When the assessment rolls for this year reach the 
have not been so made as to furnish such data, or even to approxi- 
Auditor's office I can give you this information, as the new valu- 
ation classes the lands and provides for a separate listing of the 
cleared and uncleared. 




Col. F. L. Maxwell. See page 190, 



In and about Vicksburg. 217 

population. 

The census of 1880 gave Mississippi a population of 1,131,592 — 
479,371 v'hite and 652,221 colored. This was an inrease of 
303,670, or 37 per cent, on the census of 1870. The census of 
next year will show a total population of from 1,400,000 to 
1 , 500, 000. 

RAILROADS. 

The report of our Railroad Commission to last Legislature shows 
that on ist January, 1888, there were 1,981 miles of railroad on Mis- 
sissippi territory. There are now at least 2, 200 miles of railroad track 
in Mississippi. I saw a statement in one of the railroad journals 
that Mississippi reported a larger railroad construction for the first six 
months of 1889 than any other Stale in the Union — -171 miles. Seven 
years ago there were only i, 127 miles ofrailroad on Mississippi soil. 
This shows development and progress. These railroads represent an 
investment of nearly $60,000,000, and although but little of the stock 
is owned in the State, our people get the full benefit of increased 
transportation facilities. Hundreds of thousands of acres have thus 
been brought into cultivation within the last few years. The devel- 
opment of the Delta section, by the building of the L. N. O. & T. 
R. R. and branches, and the Georgia Pacific, is simply marvelous. 

MANUFACTURES. 

Your next inquiry is as to manufactures. I am gratified to be 
able to say although Mississippi is essentially an agricultural 
State, she is making rapid progress in the way of manufactures. 
The success of the great mills at Wesson is a demonstration of 
what can be accomplished by well-directed effort. When Mill No. 
4 is completed the investment will represent nearly two millions of 
dollars, all owned by a few stockholders in Mississippi and Louisi- 
ana; the working force will be about 2,000, and the pay-roll 
$40,000 per month — all white labor. The cotton and woolen 
fabrics of these mills not only have a ready sale throughout the 
country, but the orders are usually greater than the ability of the 
mills to supply. I am happy to say that Captain Oliver will forward 
a complete assortment of Mississippi mills' goods to the Corn Palace 
at Sioux City next month. These mills are located at Wesson, 
forty-five miles south of Jackson, on the L C. R. R. Twenty-five 
years ago the site was a pine forest ; now a prosperous and pro- 
gressive little city of four thousand population. A ten-thousand- 
dollar public school building, now being erected, is one of the 
many evidences of the prosperity and culture of its people. 



2i8 In and about Vicksburg. 

The cotton mills at Natchez have been a success from the start ; 
also the mills at Enterprise and Water Valley ; and now Columbus 
is erecting a large mill. Factories for the manufacture of sash, 
doors, blinds, wagons, plows and other agricultural implements 
and machinery, are being established in many places. Liberal ex- 
emption from taxation, State and municipal, is assured the invest- 
ment of capital in manufacturing enterprises. 

THE CORN CROP 

of Mississippi for 1887 was estimated by the Department of Agri- 
culture at 32,633,000 bushels. The census of 1880 gave 21,340, 800 
as the yield for that year. The crop for this year will be at least 
50,000,000 bushels. 

THE COTTON CROP 

of Mississippi for i860 was 1,202,507 bales. In 1880, 963,111 
bales — cash value, $40,000,000. The crop for this year will be fully 
1,000,000 bales. In 1879, according to a very carefully compiled 
State census, the cotton yield was 844,311 bales, of which 292,035 
was raised by white labor, and 552,276 bales raised by colored 
labor. These figures were a surprise to many, as the idea very 
generally obtained that cotton could not be successfully cultivated 
by white labor. It should be noted, too, that negro labor is con- 
fined almost exclusively to the cultivation of cotton, while white 
labor is more diversified. If cotton were the only crop, about one- 
half would be produced by white labor. 

THE HAY CROP 

cut a very small figure in the census of Mississippi for 1880, and in 
the charts illustrating the proportionate yield by States. Her rank 
was 34, and the average annual product for the preceding nine years 
20,540 tons — the acreage in hay being 14,332. The yield for 1880 
was only 8,894 tons. The census of 1890 will show that hay is one 
of the most abundant and valuable crops in Mississippi. There were 
more hay presses and reaping and mowing machines purchased in 
Mississippi last year than in the twenty years preceding 1880. 

Very little wheat is raised in Mississippi, but I was pleased to note 
in my recent trip through Iowa that your great State has raised 
enough this year to feed "all the world and the rest of mankind. " 

Of oats, sorghum, rice, potatoes and meat, our farmers are now 
raising nearly enough for local consumption. All our smoke-houses 
will ere long be within the limits of the State. 

While cotton must long continue to be the great wealth-jjroducmg 



In and about Vicksburg. 221 

other products. 
crop of Mississippi, it will no longer engage the almost exclusive 
attention and absorb all the energies of our people. 

STOCK-RAISING, DAIRYING, 

Horticulture, truck farming, etc., are not only engaging the attention 
of thousands, but are bringing millions of dollars annually to the 
State. "To-day," as Major Jonas stated in an admirable contri- 
bution to the Manufacturers' Record, in April, 1888, "Mississippi 
boasts more dairy farms and creameries than any State of the South, 
except Missouri, Kentucky and Tennessee; her butter is an important 
article of export, and finds markets not only in every Gulf State, but 
even in Ohio, Illinois and New York; and while every county has 
its fine herds of registered Jersey, Holstein and Short-horn cattle, 
Oktibbeha County boasts some of the largest and finest herds on the 
continent, and Mississippi is fast gaining control of the market for 
these animals so for as the lower tier of States and Mexico are 
concerned." 

A tremendous impetus was given to the dairy industry by the 
Dairymen's Convention, projected by you and held at our State 
Capitol in February, 1887. Our farmers, who were present in large 
numbers, not only listened with interest to the practical talks made 
by dairymen from Iowa, Illinois and Wisconsin, but went home, 
and instead of making war on the grasses, converted old fields into 
rich pastures, luxuriantly carpeted with the Bermuda, Japan Clover, 
Johnson and other grasses, Timothy and Millet, supporting large 
herds of cattle, and finding ready sale in the local markets for the 
surplus yield. The Bermuda and Lespedeza, or Japan Clover, are 
not only the most nutritious of grasses, but they are indigeneous 
and spontaneous. All they want is to be let alone, and they will 
take care of themselves. 

In this connection it is pleasant to note that the Dairymen's Con- 
vention was followed by visits from many farmers from the West, 
and not a few were so well pleased with our fertile soil and genial 
clime, they have purchased lands in almost every county in the 
State, and are here with their families, prospering and contented, 
and giving us the benefit of their industrious habits and improved 
methods. We have ample room and a warm welcome for all others 
who may wish to come. 

The cultivation and shipment of 

FRUITS AND VEGETABLES, 

and the box and canning factories connected therewith, give em- 



2 22 In and AnoUT VlCKSBURG. 

ployment to thousands and add millions annually to our income, 
The shipment of twenty car loads of tomatoes in one day this season, 
from Crystal Spnngs, indicates the magnitude of this business. The 
fruit and vegetables shipped from the Louisiana and Mississippi 
Division of the Illinois Central Railroad, during the months of April, 
May, June and July, of this year, amounted to over 12,000,000 
pounds of perishable products. Three hundred and thirty refriger- 
ating cars, with 1,865 t<^"S ^'^ ice, were required, besides 487 venti- 
lated cars, making a total of 817 cars. The zealous co-operation of 
the railroads in getting these products to the Northern and Western 
markets, is heartily appreciated by our people. 

SIZE OF FARMS HOMESTEADS. 

Large farms will soon cease to be the rule in Mississippi. In i860 
its immense area was divided into 42,840 farms. In 1880 the 
number of farms was 75,205. In 1890 there will be fully 125,000 
farms. Lands are still very cheap, because in larger tracts than they 
can be profitably cultivated under the present labor system, and 
hence necessity forces the sale of all that cannot be held or cultivated 
to advantage. 

There is still a good deal of desirable land in Mississippi that may 
be homesteaded. During the month of July, and August to date, 
239 quarter sections have thus been located in JMarion, Harrison, 
Hancock and Perry counties. Actual settlement and the payment 
of fourteen dollars secures 160 acres of land. Nearly one million 
acres of Government land are yet subject to entry in Mississippi — 
mostly in the Southern counties. The U. S. Land Office in this 
city will promptly answer all inquiries. 



DESCRIPTION OF MISSISSIPPI. 



Mississippi is bounded on the north by Tennessee, on the east by 
Alabama, on the south by the Gulf of Mexico and part of Louisiana, 
and on the west by the Mississippi river. 

The population of the State, from the United States census of 1880, 
we find to be 1,131,592, an increase of 303, 670 in ten years. 

supreme court of mississippi. 
Tim. E. Cooper, ) 

J. A. P. Campbell, >- Justices. 
Thos. H. Woods, ) 
Oliver Clifton, Clerk. C. C. Campbell, D. C. 



Tn and about Vicksburg. 223 

state officers of mississippi. 

Jno. M. Stone, Governor, 

M. M. Evans, Lieutenant Governor, 
J. J. Evans, Treasurer, 
Geo. M. Govan, Secretary of State, 
W. W. Stone, Auditor, 

T. M. Miller, Attorney General. 

J. R. Preston, Sup't. Education, 
Geo. W. Carlisle, Com'r. of Emigration and Agriculture, 
J. W. McMaster, Com'r. Swamp Lands, 

Mrs. Mary Morancy, State Librarian, 
J. Z. George, ) United States 

E. C. Walthall, ) Senators. 

U. S. Representatives. 

Jno. M. Allen, Clarke Lewis, 

J. B. Morgan, C. L. Anderson, 

T. C. Catchings, T. R. Stockdale, 



C. E. Hooker. 



AGRICULTURE. 



Mississippi is essentially and pre-eminently an agricultural State. 
Nature designed and fashioned it to bless and reward the labors of 
the husbandman. Its recent geological formations appear to exclude 
it from the profits of the mine and quarry, and as yet it cannot be 
classed among the great manufacturing States. 

What the State lacks, however, in mineral resources, sometimes 
transitory, and always in the end exhaustive, is more than counter- 
balanced by a generous, responsive soil, and almost ideal climate, 
and productions the value and variety of which are not excelled in 
any part of the Union. 

In one sense of the word INIississippi is still a new State, with its 
immense natural advantages as yet mainly unappropriated. Its great 
forests of valuable woods have been comparatively little depleted ; 
many of its numerous fine mill and manufacturing sites await the 
power of skill and capital ; more than one-half of its area remains un- 
touched by the husbandman, while the part already in cultivation 
may be made to double its productive power by improved methods 
of agriculture. 

The importance of agriculture to the people of Mississippi maybe 
better appreciated when it is remembered that 339,938, or more than 



2 24 In and about Vicksburg. 

8 1 per cent, of its entire working population, are engaged in agricul- 
tural pursuits. The distribution is as follows : 

All occupations 415,506 

Agricultural laborers 215,472 

Farmers and planters 123,382 

Gardeners, nurserymen, and vine-growers 620 

Stock raisers, drovers and herders g3 

Turpentine farmers and laborers 248 

Others in agriculture 1 23 

Total 339.938 

The Illinois Central Railroad in addition to its 300 miles of-main 
line running north and south through the State, has in operation a 
line from Kosciuscko to Aberdeen, and one from Jackson to Yazoo 
City, and then on to Greenwood, and up to Parsons, still further 
north. Besides these, other lines are now in process of construction, 
while the prospect is good for the early completion of still other im- 
portant chartered roads. 



PHYSICO-GEOGRAPHICAL AND AGRICULTURAL 
FEATURES. 

Mississippi lies between the thirty-first and thirty-fifth parallels of 
north latitude The Mississippi and Pearl rivers together mark its 
entire western boundary ; on the east it is bounded by Alabama, on 
the north by Tennessee, and on the south by Louisiana and the Gulf 
of Mexico. 

The area of the State has been variously given at from 45,000 to 
55,000 square miles. Its true area, as computed at the last census, is 
put down as 46,340 square miles. The State is well supplied with 
water courses and drainage. On the west the Mississippi river and its 
large tributaries in the State drain the great Yazoo delta and the hilly 
country adjacent thereto, while on the east the Tombigbee river and 
its several large tributaries, drain the prairie region and that section of 
the State. The Tombigbee drains in Mississippi and Alabama an 
approximate area of 18,918 square miles. The Yazoo river and its 
tributaries drain a surface of 13,946 square miles. The Pearl river, 
from its source in Winston County to where it empties into the Gulf, 
drains a surface of 8,964 square miles. The Pascagoula River and 
its tributaries, running through the southern pine region and emp- 
tying into the Gulf drains an area of 8,980 square miles. Besides 
these there are numerous other rivers and small streams well distri- 




Henry Marx. See page 193. 



In and ahout Vicksburg. 227 

ted throughout the State. Generally the water-courses on the west 
flow to the Mississippi river, on the east to the Tombigbee river, 
and on the south to the Gulf of Mexico. These are, therefore, the 
three great watersheds of the State. 

THE YAZOO DELTA. 

The great, rich alluvial plain lying in Mississippi and commonly 
known as the Yazoo delta, is one of the most important formations, 
not only in the State, but in the entire Union. It lies between the 
Missisippi river on the west and the Yazoo river and its tributaries 
on the east, and from the line separating Mississippi and Tennessee 
on the north to Vicksburg on the south. It comprises about 6,250 
square miles or 4,000,000, acres, of the most productive soil in 
the world. It is larger than the combined area of Connecticut and 
Rhode Island, and almost half as large as these two States and 
Massachusetts all combined. 

This vast delta is ellipsoidal in shape, and its dark, rich alluvium 
has been formed by the overflow of the Mississippi and Yazoo 
rivers and their tributaries. At its northern limit, the State line, it 
is very little more 10 miles wide, but the Mississippi River, turning 
in the southwest, it widens rapidly, and 30 miles southward, where 
the dividing line between Panola and Tate • Counties would 
strike the bluff near Helena, Arkansas, it is about 36 miles wide. 
Opposite Charleston, Tallahatchie County, the bottom is about 58 
miles wide. It reaches its greatest width about opposite the town 
of Carrollton, Carroll County, where it is about 68 miles wide, and 
from thence it at first narrows slowly, and at last rapidly. Opposite 
Yazoo City it is still more than 40 miles wide, but ends near Vicks- 
burg, where the hills extend to the bank of the Mississippi river. 
Of all this fertile plain only about one-eighth or 500,000 acres, is 
improved, the remainder being covered with vast forests of valuable 
timber. • The prejudice which long existed as to its supposed un- 
fitness for cultivation and for health is rapidly dying out, and it is 
now generally considered, in its vast possibilities, of more value than 
all the other sections of the State combined. It is true that hereto- 
fore much of the delta was subject to overflow in times of high water, 
and on this account has often been avoided, but with a proper system 
of levees, which now exist, this disadvantage has been entirely re 
moved. With the present system of levees, the lands will, on an 
average in a given series of years, produce better returns than any 
country in the United States. 

The soil of the delta is of two classss, loam and clay, the former 



2 28 In and about Vicksburg. 

varying in color, but generally dark and easy to cultivate. The clay 
lands are popularly known as "buckshot lands" from the soil dry- 
ing into angular bits the size of a buckshot, and of a lead color. 
When wet, this soil is soft, smooth and slippery, and when dry is 
loose and light, and falls to pieces. The " buckshot"' landsare con- 
sidered the most productive in the delta, taken one year widi another 
and will easily produce, with proper cultivation, from i to 2 bales 
of cotton, and from 60 to 80 bushels of corn per acra. Profassor 
Hilgard ascribes their fertdity mainly to certain ferruginous, concre- 
tions which they contain, and deems them almost inexhauslible. y 

Many years ago the Mississippi river had an outlet into the delia 
through the Yazoo Pass and other bayous, but these have been 
closed by levees, and there is now a complete system of levees, be- 
gmning south of Memphis and running to the mouth cf the Yazoo 
river. These levees are made secure, and further strengthened at 
exposed points, and the jetty system of deeping the channell there 
will be little danger from destructive inundation, 1 his important 
subject has the earnest consideration of Congress and of the 
State of Mississippi, and also the counties lying within the delta, 
and it is confidently expected that everything that human endeavor 
can accomplishjwill done to protect for all time these valuable lands 
from inundation and bring them up to the high state of prodution 
of which they are susceptible. The southern extension of the Chesa- 
peake, Ohio and Southwestern Railroad is completed from Mem- 
phis to New Orleans, penetrating the heart of this delta ; and this 
corporation will aid materially in the construction and preserva- 
tion of the levees. 

It may be remarked here that the people of the delta are not un- 
mindful of what they can themselves accomplish by organized effort. 
All of the richest and most productive counties in the district have 
organized for their own protection. The Mississippi levee district, 
composed of the counties of Boliver, Washington, Issaqeuna, and 
Sharkey, has a regularly constituted board of levee commissioners, 
with necessary officers, charged with the duty of the construction, 
preservation, and repair of levees to protect those counties. This 
organization has already accomplished a great work, which shows 
what may be done by an earnest, effective co-operation of local in- 
terests. It is on a sound financial basis, its paper being worth its 
face value in New York City. The necessary funds are raised by a 
tax on each bale of cotton and on lands, but the cotton tax is the 
one mainly relied upon. 

The question of ascertaining the grasses best suited to the soil 
and climate of the State has been made the object of many experi- 



In and about Vicksburg. 231 

ments, much thought and attention by the most progressive farmers 
and stock breeders of the State. 

Of late years, since the exclusive culture of cotton has by repeated 
disastrous experiments proven unwise and unprofitable, the interest 
in grass and stock has assumed great importance. Probably no 
other subject has for years enlisted the attention of intelligent 
farmers and land-holders so generally ; and this awakening interest is 
destined to grow and widen until Mississippi takes its porper place 
among the grass and stock producing States. It is a subject of vital 
importance, no less on account of its effect in the amelioration and 
restoration of exhausted lands than the certain and direct profits to 
be obtained therefrom. 

The grasses of the State which are commonly referred to as 
natural, and pasture grasses, which grow spontaneously, with little 
or no care and attention, constitute a never-failing and exhaustless 
mine of wealth, which, when properly worked, will afford a new 
and valuable source of revenue. Of this class the well-known Ber- 
muda [Cytiodon dactyloti) is considered the most valuable and is 
entitled to the first place, but its precedence is being energetically 
contested by a comparatively new and powerful rival, the Japan 
clover, or Lespedeza striata. The Bermuda, while an introduced 
grass, like the Japan clover, is now so well established that it may be 
very properly considered as a native. 

The Japan clover {Lespedeza striata) exists almost everywhere 
throughout the State, in shade or sunshine, on poor lands and rich, 
in red clay and sandy gullies, and on soil that will not produce any- 
thing else. It spreads with marvelous rapidity, exterminating in its 
course even broom sedge and Bermuda grass. How and whence it 
came are questions that have not yet been satisfactorily explained. 
It is supposed to have come from Japan, but in what manner it got 
a start in the Southern country is not known. It was first noticed in 
Hinds County about 1878, but several years earlier in other portions 
of the State, and it may be said that for the last fifteen years it has 
been rapidly spreading in various sections. It grows well in shade, 
seems not to be affected by either excessive rain or drought ; indeed, 
it appears to grow regardless of the season. It affords fine grazing; 
as a hay for winter feed many farmers consider it incomparable, 
while it promises to be an important factor in the restoration of ex- 
hausted lands, arresting washes and fertilizing the soil, comparing 
in this latter respect, it is said, very favorably with red clover. An 
intelligent stock-raiser states that he has no trouble in curing the 
hay, and that in winter stock will leave all other food for it. 

The grass popularly called " broom sedge " {Andropogon) when 



232 In and about Vickshukg. 

burned off produces in tlic spring a new crop of tender, nutritious 
herbage, which stock eat wiih much rehsli. It is not long tender 
when not well grazed, and then afTords only a brief pasturage. 
When cut before it becomes tough it makes a very fine hay. 

A very and justly popular grass for summer and fall grazing, 
and one of the most widely diffused, is the well-known crab grass 
{Panicum sangiiinale). It has been considered one of the worst 
enemies of the cotton-planter, but is a great boon to grass and stock 
raisers. Dr. Phares says he has seen a crop (many of them) of this 
grass harvested worth more than the corn that could be produced on 
the same ground, and corn and cotton fields of a wet season so 
overrun with this grass that in May, June, July, or August, ten days' 
work with mowers and horserakes would secure in choice hay, two 
to ten fold more value than many months' labor with teams and ma- 
chinery and heavy expenses could obtain from the cotton and corn. 
This grass makes an excellent hay, of which live stock are very fond, 
preferring it to the best Northern hay. Crab grass is excellent for 
summer pasturage. 

The above are the more important of what are termed native 
pasture grasses. There are a great many other kinds, some quite 
valuable, but a detailed catalogue of them cannot be attempted here. 
Dr. Charles Mohr, of Mobile, states that he has himself collected in 
South and Middle Alabama one hundred and thirty-two species, be- 
longing to fifty-three genera or native grasses. No doubt the list in 
Mississippi would be quite as large. Many of the native grasses 
produce astonishing results from cultivation. 

Almost all of the cultivated grasses and clovers have done well in 
Mississippi with proper care and attention. There have been fail- 
ures in some instances, it is true, but they have generally resulted 
from careless and improper preparation of the soil at planting. 

Immense acquisitions of valuable forests in Mississippi have of 
late been made by investors from abroad, who understand and ap- 
preciate that the trees alone are worth many times the present value. 
As many as seventy large, tall trees have frequently been counted on a 
single acre of land. The estimated yield per acre of these fine forests 
varies from 6,000 to 30,000 feet of lumber. The Long-leaf Pine 
Region lies south of the Vicksburg and Meridian Railroad, and ex- 
tends in Mississippi to the Alabama line on the east, to the Gulf of 
Mexico and the Louisiana line on the south, and to the bluff for- 
mation and Louisiana line on the west. The region of mixed 
growth adjoins the pine belt on the north, while the bottoms of the 
State generally, and the Yazoo delta in particular, contain the large 
deciduous forests. Generally speaking, the sandy lands in the 



,,j^' 3^''^- 




J. J. Hayes. 



In and about Vicksburg. 235 

State incline to the different kinds of pine, and the valleys skirting 
the streams to large, tall, nioislure-loving trees. The oaks pre- 
dominate among the deciduous trees, and are in great variety. 

The statistics of the Census give the following as the pine supply 
of Mississippi : 

Estimated amount of mcrcliantablt: pine slandiiig May 31, iSSo. 
LoNG-LEAFED PiNE. {Fiiiiis atistmlis.) 

STANDING PINE. No. of feet. 

(board measure.) 

Standing pine in regien west of Pearl River, tributary to the Ill- 
inois Central Railroad 6,800,000,0000 

East of Pearl River 7,600,000,000 

Region of mixed growth, exclusive of 200,000 acres injured by 
the manufacture of turpentine 3,800,000,000 

Total 18,200,000,000 

In this estimate no account is made of small timber standing on some 2,912,000 
acres which have been cut over, and from which the merchantable pine has been 
practically removed. 

Short-leafed Pine. {Finns mitis.) 

Standing pine in the northwestern belt 1,600,000,000 

Standing pine in northern region of mixed growth 5,175,000,000 

Total 6, 775,000,000 

The estimated consumption of wood for domestic purposes in 
Mississippi amounts to 5,090, 758 cords, valued at $7, 145, 116 per 
annum. The value of mill products, such as lumber, laths, shin- 
gles, staves, &c. , per annum amounts to $1,920,335. These two 
items will give an idea of the large annual drain upon the forest of 
the State. 

It is to be regretted that the forest wealth of Mississippi has never 
been made the object of special study by a competent observer. It 
is a mine of wealth, which, however, awaits and merits exploration 
and study. 

HAMAMELACE^. 

LiQUIDAMBAR STYRACIFLUA. (Red Gum.) 

This impoitant growth is exceedingly common in rich lands 
throughout the State. On the dry uplands it is the sweet gum proper, 
but on the moist bottoms, especially in the Yazoo delta, the heart 
enlarges greatly, with a fine grain and beautiful red color, and it is 
then the now famous red gum. This valuable hard wood deserves 



236 In and about Vickshurg. 

more than a passing notice. The immense supply of this wood, its 
durability, the beautiful polish which it takes, and its adaptability 
to supply the place of walnut and other high-priced ornamental 
woods, render any information touching its value and proper treat- 
ment of particular interest at this time. 

CLIMATE, TEMPERATURE, RAINFALL AND HEALTH. 

The climate of Mississippi is all that could be desired for agricult- 
ural purposes. It is a happy medium between the extremes of heat 
and cold. The winters are short, mild and pleasant ; the summers 
are in the main devoid of the intense heat often felt in more north- 
ern latitudes. The summer heat is, indeed, more prolonged, but 
much less oppressive than further north, owing to the proximity of 
the State to the Gulf, and the prevalence of cool, refreshing winds 
blowing from that direction. The thermometer seldom reaches 100 
degrees in summer in any part of the State. June, July and August 
are the hottest months, but the range of temperature for the State in 
these three months is about from 64 degrees to 95 degrees, with a 
mean of about 81 degrees. In winter, ice of about an inch in thick- 
ness, forms in the northern part of the State, while in the southern 
part, frosts rarely occur. November, December and January are 
the coldest months. The average winter temperature is not below 
45 degrees, and the thermometer seldom falls to 25 degrees. It is a 
well-established fact that in the course of a year more outdoor labor 
can be performed with less inconvenience than in regions farther 
north. As has been elsewhere stated on the subject of labor, there 
is no climatic obstacle in the way of white labor in the State. The 
elevation of the State is, moreover, greater than is generally sup- 
posed, and this gives a climate normally belonging to regions from 
I degree to 2 degrees farther north. This will appear more readily 
from the following table, showing the elevation of sections on the 
Illinois Central Railroad, running north and south: 

ELEVATION. ELEVATION. 

STATION. FEET. STATION. FEET. 

Osyka ' 250 Canton 320 

Magnolia 300 Durant 315 

Summit 420 Vaiden 355 

Brookhaven 500 Winona 380 

Beauregard 450 Grenada 308 

Hazelhurst 430 Water Valley 355 

Crystal Springs 455 O.vford 685 

Terry 260 Holly Springs 850 

Jackson 270 Lamar 645 

Madison Station 350 (irand Junction 795 



In and about Vicksburg. 237 

There are also many hills and elevations from 800 to 1,500 feet 
above tide-water at New Orleans. In connection with the above, it 
may be stated that more than one-fourth of the entire population of 
the United States exists on elevations from 100 to 500 feet. At Jack- 
son, the Capital of the State, the railroad level is 270 feet ; but there 
are hills in and around the city that are 300 feet high — or making 
those points 570 feet above the tide-water at New Orleans.. 

RAINFALL. 

Mississippi as an agricultural county has advantages unsurpassed 
in the vital matter of rainfall. The abundant luxuriant vegetation to 
be seen here on every hand during the hottest summer months shows 
the presence of ample moisture to vitalize and promote the growth of all 
vegetation. As a matter of course, there are short seasons of drought 
occasionally, for these occur everywhere, but they are less frequent 
here than in many States, and are generally confined to small and 
widely separated areas. The rainfall is usually copious throughout 
the State in the spring and summer, while the annual precipitation 
is more or less evenly distributed in all sections of the State. From 
the south and west come the regular rain winds, bringing refreshing 
showers, highly conducive to the growth of the cotton, the cereals, 
and other vegetation. The tables of the census give the annual rain- 
fall in North Mississippi at from 48 to 58 inches per annum, while 
in South Mississippi it is 58 inches per annum. The high country 
lying between the Tombigbee and Yazoo rivers has fully 58 inches 
per annum, and the Yazoo delta has as much as 48 inches of annual 
rainfall. The degree to which the State is favored in this respect may 
be appreciated when it is remembered that the country west of the 
Mississippi ranges from 20 to as low as 4 inches of rainfall per an- 
num. Kansas, Texas, and the Indian Territory have from 20 to 38 
inches per annum, and Maine, New York, Virginia and Ohio from 
32 to 46 inches per annum. Tennessee and Kentucky have from 
46 to 56 inches per annum, the same as the north half of Mississippi, 
and the country near the Northern lakes, east of the Mississippi, 
from 24 to '^6 inches per annum. 

HEALTH. 

If the old adage that "health is wealth" be true, Mississippi may 
be considered an exceptionally opulent State. It is rich in the con- 
ditions of health, and the facts will demonstrate that it is one of the 
healthiest States in the Union. This subject is worthy of considera- 
tion here as vitally affecting the results of agriculture. An impres- 



23g In and about Vicksburg. 

sion prevails in some places outside of the State that Mississippi is 
very unhealthy. How little foundation there is for this belief will 
be seen by an examination of the mortality tables of the United States 
census. It should be remembered in this connection, that the sta- 
tistics of health in Mississippi include, of course, the entire popula- 
tion, white and colored, and that the death rate among the colored 
population is quite high, being 17.28 per thousand throughout the 
Southern States. It is suggested in the census that the difference in 
mortality between the white and the colored people in the Southern 
States is especially well marked, and is largely due to the relatively 
greater number of deaths among infants in the colored population. 
The following table of comparative statistics compiled from the cen- 
sus will be a sufficient answer to the assertion sometimes made that 
the State is unhealthy. 

Annual death rate for each thousand 0/ population. 

Massachusetts , ... 18.59 

New York i7-30 

Virginia 16.32 

Indiana 15-77 

i'exas 15.53 

Kansas 15.22 

Pennsylvania 14-92 

Illinois 14.60 

Kentucky 14-39 

Alabama 14.20 

Georgia 13-97 

Colorado 13 10 

Mississippi 1 2 . 89 

It can further be stated that cases of diphtheria seldom occur in 
Mississippi, and it is free from lung and throat diseases. Catarrh, 
another name tor the first stages of consumption, the great scourge 
of the Northern States, never originates in Mississipi, and imported 
cases have always found relief, and in most cases a permanent cure, 
after a continuous residence here of one or two years, As to yellow 
fever, we have not had any in this State since 1878. The efficient 
quarantine at New Orleans and other Gulf ports renders it almost 
impossible for it ever to become epidemic again. It is a fact that a 
greater number of deaths occur from diphtheria in the State of Min- 
nesota alone each year than die of yellow fever in the entire Southern 
States. 

FRUIT AND VEGETABLE PRODUCTION. 

As indicating the growth of diversified industries in the State, it 
maybe mentioned that a very profitable and handsome business has 



In and about Vicksburg. 241 

been built up in places adjacent to the railroad lines in the produc- 
tion and shipment of fruits and vegetables to the larger cities. This 
new industry has been steadily growing for a number of years, until 
it now assumes proportions reaching into the thousands at a number 
of points in central and southern Mississippi, along the Lne of the 
Illinois Central Railroad. The acreage in fruits and vegetables is 
constantly being increased, and the industry, inaugurated by a few 
progressive minds, bids fair to spread and widen until it embraces 
all points accessible to markets, thereby becoming an important 
factor in the State's production. The success which has attended 
the efforts of those who have engaged in the business shows what 
may be accomplished when it increases sufficiently to obtain conces- 
sions from railroads in the matter of rates, rapid transportation and 
improved methods of handling. New markets will be opened up, 
a healthy rivalry rivalry will be established to produce the best 
results, and there will be a mutuality of interests prompting organi- 
zation and co-operation in all things tending to promote and advance 
the industry. A direct result, and one already foreshadowed in the 
State, of thegrowth of the business and increased production, will be 
the establishment of canneries to utilize such stock as may be on 
hand at seasons when the markets are depressed to such an extent 
that it is no longer profitable to make shipments. This sometimes 
happens late in the season. 

In the central and southern portions of the State fruit and vege- 
table production as a business has been found so profitable as 
to obtain a firm footing within the past few years. This part of the 
State possesses many advantages for successful fruit and vegetable 
growing, and is attracting the attention of market gardeners of the 
North and West. The winters are mild and short, and successive 
crops of large variety of vegetables can be raised during the year with 
outdoor culture. It is claimed that in the extreme southern portions 
of the State, with reasonable attention, green peas, lettuce, radishes, 
and a number of other vegetables can be raised every month in the 
year. The varieties of fruit which grow here successfully include 
species grown in more northern latitudes, as well as those which 
nearly approach the tropics. 

The soil in South Mississippi is a sandy loam, while higher up it 
contains a great deal of lime, conditions considered favorable to 
profitable fruit and vegetable growing. The fig-tree and the vine 
bring the most satisfactory results with but slight attention. In 
the southern part of the State the fig, which bears regularly every 
year, matures its first crop in May, and the second and more abund- 
ant crop in June and July. It is of long life, and neither tree nor 



24 2 In and abdut Vicksi3UR(;. 

fruit is subject to disease. The dry season, which usually occurs 
about the time of the maturity of the fig, renders the preserving and 
drying of it a labor of easy accomplishment. Peaches, pears, and 
apples do well, but difficulty has been experienced in obtaining a 
variety of the latter which will keep well during the winter. Oranges 
are quite extensively and successfully grown on the coast, and are 
considered equal in flavor to the Florida oranges. The Scupper- 
nong grape is also largely grown on the coast, and Xo a less extent 
throughout the State. From it excellent wines are manufactured. 
The Concord, Catawba, and Martha grapes have found most favor. 
The vines are usually planted in February, and most of the varieties 
mature in June and July. Blackberries and dewberries are indige- 
nous throughout the State, and grow luxuriantly in fields and wood- 
lands. On fertile lands these fruits compare favorably, both in size 
and flavor, with the cultivated berries, and are no doubt susceptible 
of great improvement by cultivation. 

Strawberries have attracted the most attention, and are considered 
the safest and most profitable crop. Plants put out in June yield a 
full crop the following spring, when kept clear of grass and weeds 
and well cultivated in the fall. They are easily cultivated, and boys 
and girls are generally employed to gather the crop. The first ship- 
ments from this State are usually made about the 15th of March in 
each year to Chicago, 111., over the Illinois Central Railroad. There 
are hundreds of acres in strawberries near Madison Station, Madison 
County. 

Crystal Springs, Copiah County, makes a larger shipment of fruits 
and vegetables than any other point in the State. Here the cotton 
fields have given way to fruit and vegetable farms, and those who 
have engaged in the new industry have done so with an energy and 
intelligence that have produced the highest results. Mr. S. H. 
Stackhouse, who has been largely instrumental in promoting the 
industry, says that the most profitable products are strawberries, can- 
taloupes and tomatoes. 

In addition to the above, shipments are made from Canton, 
Hazlehurst, Brookhaven, and other points along the line of the 
Illinois Central Railroad. 

MISSISSIPPI AS A GRASS AND STOCK COUNTRY. 

These subjects are so nearly related that they are best considered 
together. There can be no successful and profitable industry in 
stock raising unless there is ample pasturage the greater part of the 
year. 




Col. W. S. Lovell. 



In and about Vicksburg. 245 

Good pasturage, an abundance of water, short, mild winters, and 
accessible markets, are the advantages Mississippi possesses for stock 
raising. 

The Airmers of the State have long waged an energetic warfare 
against grass, which they considered their most troublesome foe ; 
they are now beginning to look upon this growth as their strongest 
ally, and with a new and proper appreciation of the immense value of 
this crop to the agricultural interests of the State. The warfare against 
"General Green," to use a popular plantation expression, of course 
necessarily continues in the cultivation of crops, but many are find- 
ing by experience that the profits on grass and stock often exceed 
those on the crops, and the disposition to engage in this new depar- 
ture as a matter of business has increased greatly in the past few 
years in all sections of the State. 

CONIFERyE. 

PiNus AUSTRALis. (Long-lcafcd Pine ; Yellow Pine. ) 

The celebrated " yellow pine " of the coast region ranks first in 
value and importance among the forest trees of Mississippi. This 
valuable growth extends as far north as to about latitude 32° 30'. 
The porous, silicious soils of the coast region seem especially favor- 
able to its full development. Upon the best pine lands it is no un- 
common thing to see from twenty to thirty large trees upon an acre, 
and, as elsewhere stated, as many as seventy trees have been counted 
on an acre. The trees will average on many acres 20 inches in dia- 
meter, running straight up to 40 or 50 feet without a single knot or 
blemish, and with a hight of 75 and 100 feet. The wood is strong, 
compact and durable, and is extensively used for ship building and 
car construction. The long timbers, suitable for ship building are 
much sought after, and bring high prices when exported to foreign 
ports. At Illinois Central shops, McComb City, the yellow pine is 
used for the frames of both passenger and freight cars, and for this 
purpose is unsurpassed. Large quantities are daily shipped North 
to various car shops. There are many large mills located in the dis- 
trict, new ones are constantly being established, and the exportation 
of lumber has become a great industry, affording employment to 
many persons, and bringing a large amount of money to the State 
annually. A number of short railroads and tramways have been 
constructed to forests from eight to fifteen miles distant from the 
lines of transportation. The products of the mills find access to 
markets from Mobile, Ala., Pasbagoula, Miss., Bay Saint Louis, 
Miss., New Orleans, La., via the Illinois Central Railroad. Im- 



246 In and about Vicksburg. 

mense quantities, at remunerative prices, are thus shipped to Saint 
Louis, Kansas City, Chicago, Louisville, Nashville, Cincinnati, 
Imlianapolis, and other points in the United States, and to various 
European and South American ports. The production of naval 
stores, of turpentine and rosin, is extensively carried on in the 
pine region, at points contiguous to transportation facilities. This 
industry is especially prominent in Clark and Wayne Counties. 
Many fine forests have been thus sacrificed to a single indu.stry, 
but there is now greater care in boxing, so as not to destroy 
lumber trees and trees so small as to be injured in this manner. 
It is believed that the slabs, short ends, sawdust, and other wast- 
products of the mills will soon be utilized for manufacture of 
turpentine by direct distillation. While the product obtained in 
this way has been considered objectionable, it is believed that the 
process can be yet made practicable. 

EDUCATION IN MISSISSIPPI. 

Many are deterred from purchasing homes and settling in Mis- 
sissippi, from the mistaken impression that has gone abroad that 
the people of our State pay little or no attention to the education 
of their children. Let the facts, taken from the report of the 
Hon. J. R. Preston, State Superintendent, on the subject of Educa- 
tion, speak for themselves : 

Public education lias steadily advanced within the last decade. In 1887 there 
was an increase, as compared with 1877, ol $2io,ocK) in the expenditures on 
pubhc schools ; an increase of 1,612 teachers ; an increase of 35,000 children in 
schools ; an increase of seven days in the average length of the school term. 

During this decade the State has established the A. and M. College, and the 
Industrial Institute and College (for girls''. Over 700 pupils are enrolled and 
taught free of tuition in these two schools, while the attendance at the University 
and other State institutions has been on the steady increase. The State expends 
on public schools annually $840,000, and $110,000 on her colleges. Nearly every 
town of 2,000 has a system of graded schools, free of tuition, and maintained from 
7 to 10 months per year. 

The University of Mississippi, at Oxford, in Lafayette county, 
Mississippi, for white students. Tuition free to all except for the 
Law School, which requires a fee of $50 to enter. The Univer- 
sity is in a prosperous condition, with an annual attendance of over 
300 students. 

The Agricultural and Mechanical College at Starkville, Oktibbeha 
county, Mississippi, for white students. Tuition free. Many of the 
pupils pay their board, in part, by working on the College farm. All 
the students are required to work, and learn farming practically. 




Hon. John Wai.sii, Alderman. 



In and about Vicksburg. 249 

Average annual attendance about 300, supported almost entirely by 
the State. 

An "Industrial Institute and College for the Education of White 
Girls in the Arts and Sciences," has been established at Columbus. 
The Legislature appropriated $20,000 per year, and the city of Co- 
lumbus donated school buildings and cash equivalent in value to 
ninety thousand dollars. 

PUBLIC LANDS IN MISSISSIPPI. 

In the past two years, about i , 300, 000 acres of land have been 
sold by the Commissioner of Lands. Most of the lands were pur- 
chased by parties from beyond the limits of the State. 

During the same time, the Register of the United States Land 
Oflfice, at Jackson, Mississippi, sold in our State about 1,000,000 
acres of Government lands. These large sales of lands in Mississippi 
prove conclusively that capitalists have confidence in our State and 
in its prosperity. 

By an act of Congress, approved May i6th, 1888, all United States 
lands are withdrawn from sale by cash purchase in Mississippi ; the 
only way by which these lands can be obtained from the Government 
is under the Homestead laws, which provide that any citizen of the 
United States, who is over the age of twenty-one years, and who has 
not heretofore made a homestead under the law, has a right to enter 
160 acres of land. He is required to move upon it within 6 months 
from date of filing application, and to reside on it for 5 years before 
he can acquire a title. There are State lands, of course, for sale. 

WARREN COUNTY. 

COUNTY SEAT AT VICKSBURG, MISS. 

The Mississippi river flows along the western border and the Big 
Black river forms the southern and eastern boundary of the county. 
The Yazoo river runs through the northern and eastern part of the 
county. 

On the rivers, the lands are level ; high bluffs overhang the Mis- 
sissippi river at Vicksburg, and the surface of the county back to the 
Big Black river is generally broken and hilly. 

The soil is a rich brownish loam, intermixed with sea shells, and 
of great fertility. At one time these hills were densely covered with 
immense walnut trees, from which they derived the name of the 
••Walnut Hills." 

About one-half the land open and the balance timbered with white, 



250 In and about Vicksburg. 

red and black oak, poplar, ash, locust, elm, magnolia, and some 
walnut still standing. On the river bottoms, gum, Cottonwood, and 
immense cypress brakes. Cotton, corn, sorghum, oats, all the grasses 
are grown, and make good crops. The bluff formation in this county 
seems to be the home of the pear and the grape. Other fruits do 
well, and all kinds of vegetables grow luxuriantly. 

Society good ; church and school advantages abundant. 

Pasturage very extensive, making a fine country for stock raising. 

Settlers of industrious habits will receive a warm welcome in War- 
ren county. 

For further information apply to Hon. Geo. W. Carlisle, Com- 
missioner of Imigration and Agriculture, Jackson, Miss. 

CLASS OF IMIGRANTS WANTED IN MISSISSIPPI. 

We need population to develop our State. We will give settlers a 
hearty welcome. We want people of kindred races, that we may be 
homogeneous. We are all immigrants, or the descendants of immi- 
grants, in our favored country. We do not want the criminals and 
paupers from other states and countries ; but to industrious and re- 
liable immigrants we offer good and cheap homes — invite them to 
locate and become the owners of their lands in fee simple forever. 
We want them to become citizens and have with us equal privileges 
and responsibilities. We want persons skilled in a great variety of 
agricultural, horticultural and manufacturing pursuits — in fact, in all 
the industries of life. We want, especially, capital to develop our 
unbounded resources. We want settlers who will bring along with 
them means and energy to enter upon business for themselves, to buy 
our cheap lands, become permanent residents, and help to build up 
the prosperity of our State. We want men who are willing to rely 
on their own energy, exertions and means, to make for themselves 
comfortable and beautiful homes. To such we say, come, and your 
reward will be sure. 

THE LUMBER WEALTH 

of Mississippi is one of its most attractive and inviting features. 
Mr. Wm. T. Winn, of Coffeeville, Miss., in his exhaustive report of 
1886 to the Treasury department, estimated the merchantable pine 
in Mississippi at 24,975,000,000 feet. Besides this, he notes, 
" there is an almost inexhaustable supply of cypress, ash, poplar, 
oak, hickory, and gum in the western portion of the State bordering 
on the Mississippi river and in the Yazoo Delta. The census 
shows that 58 per cent, of the land in the State is timber, which is 



In and about Vicksburg. 251 

by far the best timber showing in the Union ; " and Major Jonas, in 
noting that the entire cut of lumber in this State in 1879 was 168,- 
747,000 feet, also notes that "the exports from the port of Pasca- 
goula alone in one week exceed two million feet a week, and this 
tloes not represent a sixth of the cut of the State, nor include any 
hardwood." You may remember that every foot of lumber used in 
the great Exposition Buiklings in New Orleans came from our Sea- 
Coast Mills. The miles of wooden approaches to the great iron 
bridge at Cairo, were, I am informed, mostly shipped from our 
mills in Pike and Lincoln counties. In Hotel Riverview, at Kan- 
kakee, and in many of the great and handsome structures all through 
the Northwest, I was pleased to see our exquisitely grained pine so 
largely employed. 

THE HEALTH OF MISSISSIPPI 

will compare favorably with that of any State in the Union — certainly 
with any State in the Southwest. The only drawback has been the 
occuirence of yellow-fever at long intervals, and then only when in- 
troduced from tropical regions; but the rigid quarantine regulations 
enforced by National and State authorities, will secure us immunity 
in that direction. I have examined many tabular statements of the 
benevolent insurance organizationg, and note that the Southwest is 
comparatively exempt from consumption and other diseases peculiar 
to other sections. The following official figures, from the census of 
1880, gives the annual death rate per thousand in the States named: 

Massachusetts 18.59 Illinois 14.60 

New York I7-30 Kentucky 14-39 

Virginia 16.32 Alabama 14.20 

Indiana 15-77 Georgia 13-97 

Texas '5-53 Colorado 13-10 

Kansas 15.22 Mississippi 12.89 

Pcnn-sylvania 14-92 

Bishop Hugh Miller Thompson, in a letter to " The Church- 
man," in 1884, thus speaks of the health of Mississippi : 

" Its death rate is under thirteen in the thousand. Considering 
that half its population is colored, and that the colored death rate is 
half greater than the white in all the South, I suppose the ordinary 
white death rate in Mississippi is not above ten in the thousand, a 
little more than one-third the death rate of New York City. 

"My own experience, and that of men who have come from 
the North to Mississippi, is that it is a rarely healthy climate and 
country, and that for delicate people, delicate in lungs or throat, 
with catarrhal or bronchial troubles, it is a home of health and com- 



252 In and about VirKSBURO. 

fort. And as to malaria, that is more to be dreadetl in a week on 
the Hudson than in all our l)orders in a life-time. 

" I can, from full knowledge and examinations, and with full 
responsibility, say that in summer or winter, in spring or fall, there 
need be no hesitation, on account of health, in coming to Missis- 
sippi, and that the delicate and non-rubust, are likely to find here 
just the balmy and temperate climate which will enable them to live 
and work with comparative ease." 

In reference to the general 

FINANCIAL CONDITION OF THF STATE, 

I am pleased to say that it is quite satisfactory, and that the outlook 
is most cheering. 

On the 1st of January, 1888, the Treasurer reported the total 
debt of the State as $3,752,904.01. Of this sum, $2,407,657.34 is 
permanently loaned to the State — such as the Chickasaw School 
Fund, Seminary Fund, Agricultural Land Scrip, etc., on which the 
State pays annual interest — so that the payable debt, on the date 
named, was only $1,345,246.67, and to provide for this and the 
support of the State Government an annual tax of 3 1-2 mills is 
levied. 

Since 1876 every demand upon the State Treasury has been 
cashed on presentation, and but for the establishment of additional 
benevolent and educational institutions, increased appropriations 
for public schools, and the desire of Legislatures to keep the tax 
levy down to the lowest possible limit, there would not be an obli- 
gation against the State outstanding to-day. And our comparative 
freedom from debt is doubtless in a great measure due to that provi- 
sion in our Constitution which says : "The credit of the State shall 
not be pledged or loaned in aid of any person, association or cor- 
poration ; nor shall the State hereafter become a stockholder to any 
corporation or association." 

In 1875 the State held for taxes 5,000,000 acres of land ; in 
1885, only 500,000 acres, and much less at this date. On this 
point Auditor Stone, in his last biennial report, says: "During 
my incumbency the sale of lands to the State has been nominal, and 
in many counties where forfeitures have been largest heretofore there 
have been none at all. In fact, I can point to no circumstance 
which indicates so clearly the improved feeling of confidence in 
themselves and the giving of fixed value to the property of citizens 
as the fact that the people are holding to their lands and wish to ac- 
quire more at a constantly increasing cost." 




T. Marshall Miller, Attorney-General. See page 190. 



In and about Vicksburg. 255 

The mortgage lien and supply system, that kept the farmers of 
the State in such a slough of debt, is fast disappearing, and " pay 
as you go" will ere long be the rule among the tillers of the soil in 
Mississippi. 

Ten years ago twenty reams of deed-in-trust blanks was about 
the amount I kept in stock for a season's demand. This year the 
orders received at The Clarion-Ledger office has not exceeded one 
ream. This improved condition of affairs must be ascribed mainly 
to a kind Providence in giving us fair seasons and good crops ; but 
credit is also due to the teachings of the Grange, Farmers' Alliance 
and kindred organizations, whose cardinal tenet is, "keep out 
of debt." 

THE ASSESSEDVALUATION 

ofrealtyfor 1887 was $90,270,135; of personalty, $39,617,119. 
Total, $129,887,254. This does not include about sixty millions 
of railroad property, the taxes on which are paid direct to the Aud- 
itor. If all the property was assessed at its full value, and if there 
was no exemptions, it is safe to say that the property value in Miss- 
issippi would be fully four hundred million dollars. It is estimated 
that the assessment valuation of 1889 will show an increase of 
thirty millions over 1888. 

PUBLIC EDUCATION. 

Mississippi is making steady progress in all departments of educa 
tion. The details in this particular would be interesting, but would 
occupy too much space. The State appropriates annually for pub- 
lic schools the sum of $300,000, besides providing for the Univer- 
sity, the State Colleges and Normal Schools. The counties, cities 
and towns expend about $700,000, so that the annual expenditure 
for public education exceeds one million dollars. The total at- 
tendance on the schools in 1887 was 270,7^4, and the teachers em- 
ployed 61 13 — 3421 white and 2692 colored. Good schools are now 
within the reach of every child in the State of Mississippi. 

Our schools for higher education are the University at Oxford, 
which has a permanent endowment ; the Agricultural and Mechan- 
cal College, near Starkville, maintained by the interest on agricul- 
tural land scrip and by State appropriations ; the Industrial Institute 
and College for white girls, at Columbus, where nearly four hundred 
young ladies arc in a regular attendance, and where they are trained 
in industrial pursuits, as printing, type-writing, stenography, paint- 



256 In and AHOIT ViCKSBLRG. 

ing, wood carving, designing, brasswork, nccdicwuik, housework, 
etc. In all these tuition is free, and board at actual cost. In addition 
to these are upwards of one thousand colleges, ac? demies and high 
schools for the whites of both sexes in the State. 

For the higher education of Colored youth, we have Alcorn Uni- 
versity, Tougaloo University, the State Normal School at Holly 
Springs, and Jackson College. At Alcorn and Tougaloo, practical 
farming and stock-raising and the mechanic arts are taught. 

I noticed during my recent visit to the Northwest that the public 
school buildings were among the largest and handsomest buildings in 
all the cities and towns thrt)Ugh which we passed. This is becoming 
quite the fashion in Mississippi. During the past six years fully 
$225,000 has been expended in the erection and equipment of 
school buildings in Aberdeen, Okolona, Starkville, West Point, 
Macon, Meridian, Oxford, Water Valley, Grenada, Sardis, Green- 
ville, Vicksburg, Jackson, Hazelhurst, Wesson and other places. 

CITIES AND TOWNS. 

Several of our cities and towns, in addition to the erection of hand- 
some public school buildings provided electric lights, water-works 
and street railroads, and even cable and motor lines are seriously 
discussed. 

THE RACES. 

Well, it is sufficient to say that in Mississippi, the whites and 

blacks dwell together in perfect harmony, and will continue to do so. 
They understand the relation they sustain to each other. The colored 
people have their own schools, their own churches, their own be- 
nevolent organizations, many of them their own homes, and 
their own farms, and they have not only the good wishes of the 
white people in everything that tends to their elevation and prosper- 
ity, but our substantial encouragement and support. 

In conclusion, I may say that the people of Mississippi are in 
better spirits and more hopeful of the future than at any time since 
the war. The spirit of progress and development permeates and 
animates all classes and all interests. We have a wholesome code of 
laws, faithfully and fearlessly administered, a well-officered State 
government, and educational, benevolent and charitable institutions 
worthy of any people in any age. 

Yours very truly, 

J. L. POWER. 



In and about Vicksburg. 259 

HOW TO GET TO VICKSBURG. 

The railway and steamboat facilities of Vicksburg are surpassed 
by few cities of its size in the South. Located on the Mississippi 
river nearly midway between Memphis and New Orleans, along 
whose broad bosom hundreds of swift steamboats are continually 
flying, it is easily reached from any of the river landings along the 
six hundred miles of its course. Among these are the Anchor Line 
running between New Orleans and St. Louis ; the Yazoo and Talla- 
hatchie Line heading all points on the Yazoo and Tallahatchie 
rivers ; the Vicksburg and Greenville Packet line to Greenville ; the 
V^icksburg and Natchez line to the latter city, and the Sunflower 
line to all points on the Sunflower river as far as navigation permits. 
The rates of fare between Vicksburg and the principal river points 
are as follows : 

To St. Louis, - - - - - - - - -$15 

Cairo, ...- 12 

Memphis, --------- 10 

New Orleans, - 8 

Baton Rouge, ---------6 

Natchez, -- 4. 

The Queen and Crescent Route 

between New Orleans Shreveport and Cincinnati and all northern 
points, runs directly through Vicksburg and afford a quick and re- 
liable passage. West bound trains arrive at 11.25, ^- '^-j (having 
left Cincinnati at 7.55 the preceding day) and depart at 11.50 a. m. 
Trains bound east and north arrive at 5 p. m. and depart for 
Cincinnati at 5.30 p. m. There is one train daily each way. Local 
freight trains over this route carry passengers between Vicksburg 
and Meridian, but have no coaches attached. 

The Louisville New Orleans and Texas Railway, known as the 
Mississippi Valley Road operates one through passenger train each 
way daily between Memphis and New Orleans. These train meet 
at Vicksburg. The west bound train which leaves New Orleans at 
5. p. m. arrives at Vicksburg at 12.45 ^- ^-t ^.nd leaves for Memphis 
at I a. m. The south bound train arrives at i a. m., and leaves 
for New Orleans at 1.15 a. m. There is also a day-light train 
which, leaving Memphis at 10. 15 a. m., reaches here at 7.50 p. m. 
while the train which leaves New Orleans at 3.50 p. m. arrives at 
Vicksburg at 7. 10 a. m. and reaches Memphis at 4.45 p. m. Simi- 
lar trains leave New Orleans at 7.55 a. m. reaching Vicksburg at 



26o 



In and about Vicksburg. 



6. p. m., and leaving Vicksburg at 5.55 p. m. reach New Orleans 
at 8. a. m. reach New Orleans at 5.55 p. m. These daylight trains 
afford the traveler an excellent opportunity to see the sugar cane and 
lice fields of Louisiana and the finest cotton fields in Mississippi, 
lying between Memphis and Vicksburg in the celebrated Yazoo- 
Mississippi Delta. 



HOW FAR IS IT? 



DISTANCES TO VICKSBURG FROM LEADING POINTS. 

The following table, which shows the exact number of miles to 
Vicksburg from all leading points in the United States, is compiled 
from the latest "Official Table of Distances," issued by the Gov- 
ernment ; the distances in all cases being the number of miles over 
the "shortest usually traveled route." 



VICKSBURG TO MILES. 

Aberdeen. Miss 210 

Abilene, Tex 551 

Arkansas City, Ark 103 

Artesia, Miss 185 

Atlanta, Ga 459 

Austin, Tex 496 

Boyou Goula, La 164 

Bayou Sara, La 214 

Baton Rouge, La 146 

Birmingham, Fla 292 

Boston, Mass 1,512 

Buffalo, N. Y 1,146 

Canton, Miss 67 

Cincinnati, Ohio 719 

Chicago, 111 748 

Cleveland, Ohio 963 

Chattanooga, Teim 435 

Coffeeville, Miss 171 

Columbia, La 150 

Columbus, Ky 355 

Columbus, Miss 199 

Corinth, Miss 296 

Dallas. La 31 

Delhi, La 38 

Durant, Miss 102 

Fayette, Miss 51 

Floyd, La 60 

Fulton, Ky 341 

Gatesville, Tex 456 

Girard, La 57 

Grand Gull, Miss 36 



VICKSBURG TO MILES. 

Grand Junction, Tenn 225 

Greenville. Miss 92 

Greenwood, Miss 164 

Grenada, Miss 155 

Hazlehurst, Miss 78 

Helena, Ark 172 

Hernando, Miss 233 

Holly Springs, Miss 230 

Homer, La 144 

Jackson, Tenn 302 

Jefferson, Tex 227 

Johnsonville, Miss 98 

Kosciusko, Miss 123 

Lake Providence, La 67 

Lampasas, Tex 541 

Lexington, Miss ' 115 

Longview, Tex 234 

Louisville, Ky 609 

McKenzie, Tenn 333 

McKinney, Tex 365 

Marshall, Tex 211 

Martin, Miss 39 

Milan, Tenn 325 

Milwaukee, Wis 833 

Mineola, Tex 280 

Minneapolis, Minn 1,094 

Monroe, La . . 75 

Moscow, Tenn 259 

Muldon, Miss 202 

Natchez, Miss. 7? 

New Arcadia, La 123 




(;. G. I'I'.CRAM. 



In and about Vicksburg. 



263 



VICKSBURG TO MILES. 

Nortonville, Ky 461 

New York, N. Y 1,282 

Ouchita City, La 106 

Oxford, Miss 201 

Paducah, Ky 386 

Palestine, Tex 315 

Port Gibson, Miss 29 

Philadelphia, Pa ijiQi 

Port Hudson, La 136 

Portland, Me 1,620 

Portland, Ore 2,604 

Port Union, La 98 

Red River Landing, La 197 

liichmond, Va 1,005 

Rodney, Miss 62 

Saint Joseph, La 58 

San Francisco, Cal ... .2,201 

Sardis, Miss 205 

St. Louis, Mo 526 

Senatobia, Miss 2x8 

Shreveport, La 172 



VICKSBURG TO MILES. 

Somerville, Tenn 272 

St. Paul, Minn 1,084 

Starkville, Miss 174 

Stoneville, Miss 83 

Temple, Tex . . 485 

Toyah, Tex 811 

Vienna, La 108 

Vincennes, Ind 534 

Waco, Tex 409 

Washington, D. C i>054 

West Point, Miss 192 

West Point, N. Y 1,334 

Wheeling, W. Va 981 

White River, Mouth of, Ark 219 

Wichita Falls, Tex 504 

Wilmington, Del 1,164 

Wilmington, N. C 902 

Winona, Miss 132 

Woodville, Miss 117 

Worcester, Mass i>475 

Yazoo City, Miss 86 



BLUE AND GRAY ASSOCIATION 

Vicksburg, Miss., 

Col. C. C. Floweree, Prest. 



Quite recently the citizens of Vicksburg organized the " Blue and 
Gray Association " for the purpose of having a grand re-union of ex- 
soldiers of both armies at historic Vicksburg from May 25th to 30th, 
1890, similar to the re-unions held at Gettysburg, Pa., Chattanooga, 
Tenn, Evansville, Ind., and other places. This association and its 
object is heartily endorsed by the citizens of Vicksburg and through- 
out the State, and officially endorsed by the City Council and State 
officials. 

Vicksburg Post, No. 7, G. A. R. , and the Vicksburg Camp of 
Confederate Veterans' invitation to visit Vicksburg during the Re- 
union has been officially accepted by the Grand Army of the Repub- 
lic at their annual encampment held at Milwaukee, Wisconsin, in 
September, 1889, also endorsed by the Confederate Veterans, of 
which Governor Gordon, of Georgia, is commander. 

The officers of tiie " Blue and Gray Association "are President, Col- 
onel C. C. Floweree ; Vice-President, Hon. R. F. Beck, Mayor of 
Vicksburg ; Secretary, E. A. Guilbert ; Treasurer, P. M. Harding ; 
Directors, Colonel C. C. Floweree, of Floweree Ice Co ; Captain T. 



264 In and about Vicksburg. 

M. Smedes, President Vicksburg Wharf & Land Co. ; Lee Richardson, 
Sr. , President Delta Trust & Banking Co. ; Captain E. C. Carroll, 
Superintendant Anchor Line Steamer Co. ; J. Hirsh, Attorney-at- 
Law ; Hon. R. F. Beck, Capt. T. D. Godman, Superintendent U. 
S. National Cemetery ; Hon. M. Marshall, Attorney-at-Law ; Capt. 
C. Kette, merchant ; J. P. Roach, President First National Bank. 

Col. C. C. Floweree, the president of the Association, was a gal- 
lant officer during the late war, serving as a colonel of a Virginia 
regiment in the Army of Northern Virginia, U. S. A. The other 
gentlemen of the Board of Directors are capable and efficient, and 
it goes without saying that the movement will be a grand success. 

The soldier of 1861-65 would to-day be unable to recognize the 
South of 1890 as a whole, any more than the besiegers of Vicks- 
burg thought that the ruins could be replaced with great business 
houses, elegant churches, modern school-houses, hotels, opera-house, 
beautiful homes, and all else that goes to make up the thriving, busy 
city that they will see during this visit. Gettysburg and Vicksburg 
decided on the same day the fate of the Confederate War. With 
the retreat from Gettysburg and the fall of Vicksburg commenced 
the ebb-tide of the fortunes of the Confederacy. Though many gal- 
lant battles were fought and glorious victories won between the 
fourth of July, 1863, and April, 1865, it isplainthat Vicksburg and 
Gettysburg practically settled the issue, that our American States 
should form one great nation. 

The spirit that prompts this celebration is worthy of the brave 
soldiers of both armies, The Vicksburg veterans who ask their late 
foes to visit the scene of their own defeat, do not do so in a spirit of 
humility. Their defense of the cannon-crowned and blood stained 
hills that surround their noted city will live forever in history and 
brighten the imperishable pages of fame. 

The fierce assaults of Grant's army on those heights and battle- 
ments were some of the gallant deeds of the Federal Army, and the 
17,000 Federal dead that lie buried in the National Cemetery at 
Vicksburg are mute evidence of the carnage and valor that reddened 
or immortalized the battlefields around this beleagured city. 

The disposition to have the veterans of both armies meet as a 
common brotherhood in honoring their dead, is noble and patriotic. 
If the ' ■ Blue and Gray " Association, of Vicksburg, receive a re- 
sponse in the same spirit that they offer their invitation, they will 
have the grandest Re-union ever held in this country. 

Inquiries addressed to the " Blue and Gray" Association, Vicks- 
burg, Miss., will receive prompt attention. 



In and about Vicksburg. 265 

The following poem is the production of Hon. J. M. Gibson, 
District Attorney for the District composed of Warren, Adams 
and Sharkey Counties, State of Mississippi : 

GENERAL ULYSSES S. GRANT. 



He sleeps, the gallant young cadet 

Who, sword in hand, led on the fight 
Where Aztec and Castilian met 

Our chivalry on plain and height ; 
Where sea-born breezes come and go 

From wild waves telling of the wreck 
Of ruined towns of Mexico 

And blood bestained Chepultepec ! 

He sleeps, the chieftain brave and grand 

Whose voice awakened near and far, 
Through all our seas — in all our land, 

The thundering notes of deadly war — 
A weary, fratricidal strife. 

Where freedom wept to see her fane 
Grow crimsom from the tide of life 

And bleeding bodies of the slain ! 

He sleeps, the chieftain proud, who led 
His bannered warriors of the free 

Where high our hill tops rear their head 
Guarding the river to the sea ; 

And where his grim war eagles beat 
The smoking zephyrs in their glee. 

We heard them in our sad defeat 
Scream out his splendid victory ! 

He sleeps, who bade the Southrons yield, 

And turned their desperate valor back 
At Chattanooga's rugged field 

And Appomattox's dreary track. 
The victor calm, and good as great, 

Who, when the battle cry was done, 
They did not mock the vanquished's fate — 

Honored, not crushed our proudest son ! 



266 In and ahout \'iCKSBrRG. 

He sleeps. Oh, let the warrior rest ; 

His fame with death will but increase; 
God takes the bravest, purest, best — 

Death whispered him, "Let us have peace ! 
And his kind, noble soul has gone, 

To those fair isles beyond the clouds, 
From dreamless eyes, cheeks pale and wan, 

And form composed in funeral shouds ! 

So let the warrior chieftain sleep, 

While we do honor at his grave. 
And South and North his memory keep 

And hallowed be this greatest brave ; 
For him no more of sounding drums : 

For him no more of battle's fears, 
But, lo I a nation sadly comes 

To kiss his coffin through its tears ! 



SOME LOUISIANA LANDS. 



WHERE THEY ARE. 



The territory embraced by the four Louisiana parishes, of East 
Carroll, Madison, Tensas and Concordia, lying along the bank of 
the Mississippi River, with the State of Arkansas on the north. Red 
River on the South and Bayou Macon and Tensas and Black rivers 
on the west, for fertility and productiveness of soil and mildness of 
climate is probably unexcelled by any spot on the Earth's surface. 

GEOGRAPHICAL. 

The country is level and is finely drained by a natural system of 
bayous, lakes and rivers which teem with fish and fowl. 



The soil is a rich and inexhaustless alluvium, varying from the 
generous sandy loam of Lake and Bayou fronts, to the "buckshot" 
of palmetto and open swamp land. The soil is easy to till and is 
warm and early. 



The original forest is composed mainly of oak, gum, ash, black 




Hon. J. M. Giuson. Seepage 265. 



In and ahout Vickshurc;. 269 

and honey locust, sassafras, pecan, hickory, persimmon, the valua- 
ble cypress, cottonwood, willow and various others indicative of a 
generous soil. 

PRODUCTS. 

The products of the soil are various and abundant, but cotton 
is tlominant. Peas, peanuts, vegetables of all kinds, fruits, ber- 
ries, sorghum, sugar cane, hay, corn, oats and grain of nearly 
every sort can be produced in great abundance and made highly 
remunerative, 

INDUSTRIES. 

Any industry, such as bee raising, poultry, dairy products, stock- 
raising, blacksmithing, wagon-making and mending, lumber and 
sawmilling and wood factories of all kinds can be profitably pursued 
if operated intelligently. 

FERTILITY. 

The fertility of the land is practically inexhaustible ; lands that 
have been in constant cultivation for forty years without fertiliza- 
tion now produce easily a bale of cotton or forty to sixty bushels of 
corn to the acre. 

KISH AND GAME. 

The lakes and bayous teem with trout, bass, carp, cat-fish and 
various other members of the finny tribe, and are also the resort in 
the proper season of ducks, geese and other water fowls. The 
forest abounds with squirrels, hares, the opossum, raccoons, wild 
turkeys, the deer and the bear ; the partridge is becoming more 
abundant each year. 

EXTENT AND GENERAL INFORMATION. 

The territory embraced in the four parishes mentioned is known as 
the Fifth Louisiana Levee District ; it embraces nearly i, 500,000 acres 
of land, and is populated by about 80,000 souls. Among the chief 
towns or villages are Lake Providence, Milliken's Bend, Tallulah, 
Delta, Newellton, St. Joseph, Waterproof and Vidalia. The system 
of levees in vogue renders the country secure from disaster by over- 
flows, the only drawback that ever existed. Schools are good and 
are increasing and growing better day by day. This country is liter- 
ally the "poor man's paradise." Good, cheap homes are within the 
reach of all, and immigrants will meet with a cordial welcome, 



270 Ix AND ABOUT VlCKSBURG. 

There is room for thousands of energetic men not afraid to work, 
and their famiHes, and the country needs them. 

RAILROADS AND WATER COURSES. 

The Vicksburg, Shreveport & Pacific Railroad runs across Madison 
Parish, the middle of the district. The New Orleans, Natchez & 
Fort Scott Railroad, now under active construction, will diagonally 
cross Concordia Parish, and the Mississippi Valley Railroad, which is 
expected to be built at an early day, will transverse the four parishes. 
These roads, with the Macon Bayou, Tensas and Black Rivers, will 
give cheap and speedy transportation for freights and labor. River 
freights are now cheap and reliable, and ready markets for all pro- 
ducts are found in New Orleans, St. Louis, Memphis, Natchez, and 
Vicksburg. 



The country is healthy : its death rate, as shown by statistics, is 
smaller than that of almost any other section of country in America, 
for such diseases as typhoid fever, pneumonia, consumption, diph- 
theria and other of the more deadly diseases are almost entirely 
unknown. The water is good, pure and healthy, whether taken 
from lakes, cisterns or wells. 

STOCK RAISING. 

For stock raising this section is unequalled ; the finest and fattest 
cattle can be raised at small outlay and with but little attention. 
INIules and horses also do well, and many planters are now engaged 
in raising them. 

CHEAP LANDS AND WHY. 

Lands are cheaper now than they will ever be again ; the stimulus 
in railroad building now existing in Louisiana is giving the State a 
" boom " that will send its land values away up. The Board of Com- 
missioners for the Fifth Louisiana Levee District own about two hun- 
dred and fifty thousand acres of land which they are now preparing 
to put on the market at cheap rates and in quantities to suit pur- 
chasers, from forty acres to thousands. Much of this land has once 
been in cultivation and has sold for one hundred dollars, or more, 
an acre, but was abandoned by the owners because of disaster and 
debt following the war between the States. The Board of Commis- 
sioners will offer this land at cheap rates and in desired quantities. 



In and about Vicksburg. 271 

do you want a home ? 

If you want a cheap home under mild and genial skies, with the finest 
land in the world, practically inexhaustible in its fertility — having an 
alluvial depth of one hundred feet — -drained by nature's self by a con- 
tinuous line of lakes, bayous and rivers, where you can raise cotton, 
hay and almost any vegetable, fruit or cereal, where stock winter 
themselves and keep fat the year round in the wood and cane past- 
ures, and where the best wood and lumber is at your hand — come 
to the Fifth Louisiana Levee District. 

COME OR WRITE. 

The Board of Commissioners has its office at Tallulah, La., and 
all inquiries by mail or in person will be given prompt and careful 
attention. Maps of the entire district are in its office, and every at- 
tention and facility toward locating and examining lands will be 
given those contemplating purchase. Come to the country and look 
at it ; the trip won't cost much and the opportunity of a lifetime is 
seeking you. 



Streets and Avenues. 



THE general direction of the streets of Vicksburg follows the 
course of the river, which is practically from north to south, 
and from the river to the city limits, west to east. Though 
the bearings are not magnetic, the following list of streets and 
avenues, gives their beginning and terminus, as well as their general 
direction : 

VICKSBURG STREET DIRECTORY. 



Adams — from South st. north to Yazoo rd. 

Baum — from Cherry, east to city limits. 

Bay — from Olive, east to Court. 

Beck — from River, east to Mulberry. 

Belmont — from Washington, east to Cherry. 

Benton — from River, east to Yazoo rd. 

Bowmar Ave — from Warrenton rd. east to 
Hall's Ferry rd. 

Bowmar St. ^from Harris, soutli to Meadow 
Ave. 

Bridge — from Washington, east to Compro- 
mise. 

Castle — from Bridge, north to South Madi- 
son. 

Catharine — from Glass Bayou, east to city 
limits. 

Chambers — from Cherry, east to city limits. 

Cherry^north and south from limits to 
limits. 

China — from River, east to city limits. 

Clay — from River, east to citv limits 

Commons — from South, north to China. 

Compromise — from South, south to V. & M 
Ry. 

Court— from V. & M. Ry. east to Magnolia. 

Crawford — trom River, east to city limits. 

Dabney Ave. — from River, east to Warren- 
ton rd. 

Davis — from Dabney Ave. south to Mat- 
tingly. 

Danison — from Adams, east to Jack.«on rd. 

Dej)Ot — from River, east to Washington. 

De witt — from Letitia, east to Hall's i erry rd . 

Uorsey — from Fair, south to Dabney Ave. 

Ururninond — from Harris, south to city 
limits. 

East — from Cherry, east to city limits. 

Kim — from Court, east to city limits. 

l'\ilr — from River, east to Washington. 

Farmer — from South, north to city limits. 

Fayette — from Cherry, east to citv limits. 

Fiiinev — from Letiti.V, east to Hall's Ferry i-d. 

First feast — trom River, east to city limits. 

First North — from South, north to Jackson rd. 

Fisher — from River, east to Yazoo rd. 



Front — on river front, from Henry to China. 
Great — from South, s. e. to Harrison. 
Grove — from River, east to city limits. 
Hall's Ferry Rd. — from Harris, south to 

city limits. 
Harris — from Washington, east to Hall's 

Ferry rd. 
Harrison — from Cherry, east to city limits. 
Henrv — from River, east to Washington. 
Holly — from Cherry, east to Olive. 
Jackson — from River, east to city limits. 
Jefferson — from Adams, east to city limits. 
Johnston — from River, east to Warrenton rd. 
Klein — from Pearl, east to Washington. 
Kuhn — from Fair, east to Washington. 
Lake — from Magnolia Ave., south to Mea- 
dow Ave. 
Lee — from River, east to Security. 
Leiitia — from Cherry, south to city limits. 
Lincoln Ave. — from Letitia, east to Hall's 

Ferry rd. 
Lind — from Jackson rd., north to Merritt. 
Locust — from South, north to city limits. 
Madison — from Adams, east to city limits. 
Magnolia — from Cherry, east to city limits. 
Magnolia Ave. — from Washington, east to 

Letitia. 
Main — from River, east to city limits. 
Marshall — from Harris, south to Meadow 

ave. 
Martha— from Harrison, south to V. & M. 

Ry. 
Martin — from River, eastto Warrenton rd. 
Mattingly — from River, east to city limits. 
Meadow — from Washington, s. e. to city 

limits. 
Mill — from Mulberry, east to Washington. 
Miller — from the river, east to Yazoo rd. 
Monroe — from Bridge, north to Glass 

Bayou 
Mulberry — from Grove, south to city limits. 
Oakland — from Court, east to city limits. 
Olive — from Holly, s. e. to Bay. 
Open Woods — from iiiterscclion Adams and 

Jackson, n. e. to city limits. 



I 



Parhain — from Glass IJayou," cast to city 
limits 

Pearl — from South, to city limits. 

Poijram — from Fair, soiiih to Dabney ave. 

Pine — Irom Olive, cast to Court. 

Pittmaii Ave. — from River, east to Warren- 
ton ril. 

Poplar — from Jackson rd., north to Glass 
Havou. 

Ran(iol|>h — from Cherry, east to Jackson nl. 

Readinji; — from River, east to Warrenton rd 

Ri).^l)V — from River, east to Warrenton rd. 

Second North — from South, north to 
Davison. 

Security — from Lee, south to city limits. 

Short — ^from Mattin.i:;ly, south to city limits. 

Smedes — from River, east to Warrenton. 

South — from River, east to Howard. 

South Madison — from Levee, east to Com- 
promise. 



Speed — from Water, cast to Hall's Ferry rd. 

'iliird North — from China, north to Davison. 

Veto — Iroin Pearl, east to Compromise. 

Vick — from Harrison, s. e. to V. it M. Ry. 

Walnut — fri>in Glass Bayou, south lo Mag- 
nolia Ave. 

Warrenton Rd. — from Speed, south to city 
limits 

Washinj^ton — from Speed, north to city 
limits. 

Water — from Grove, smith to cit\ limits. 

West — from South, north to China. 

Williams — from Dahney ave., south to city 
limits. 

Williams — from Rivei', t-ast to Washinjjton. 

Yazoo Rd.— from Ch<rry, n.e. to citv limits. 

Yerjjer — from Dewitt, south to city fimits. 




i ^ 



:; K 



■~ -A 



For Historic Views of the City uf Vicksburi;, Battle Fields, National Cemetery 
and otiiers, also lor 

VICKSBURG SOUVENIR ALBUM 

AND 

THE GUIDE TO VICKSBURG AND VICINITY. 



CivJ^nKE & Co., 

106 S. Washington Street, vicksburg, miss. 

WHOLESALE AND RETAIL DEALERS IN 

BOOKS AND STATIONERY, 

Pianos and Organs, Sheet Music, ->k 

-^:^ Musical Instruments, 

Wall Paper, Picture Frames. Window Shades, 

1'o3rs a-u-d. r'anc^^ (3-ood.s. 
* >*< « 

SOLE AGENTS FOR 

Decker it Bros. ' Pianos,, Mason & Hamlin Organs, Hammond Type 
Writer, Fairchilds' Gold Pens. 

HEADQUARTERS FOR 

School Books, School Supplies, Blank Books, Office Stationery 

Paper and Envelopes, Newspapers, New Publications, 

Received Daily. 



SEND FOR CATALOGUES AND PRICES. 



O'Keefe, Guide & Co., 

Whoi.f.salk and Retail 

Dry Goods, Clothing, Shoes, Furnish- 
ings, Carpets, Mattings, Shades. 



* > ♦ < * 



Leaders of Fine Goods & Low Prices. 



In Soliciting" Public Patronage, we guarantee every 
article as represented or money refunded. 



Mail Orders Promptly Executed. 



Samples mailed on application. 

O'KEEFE, GULDE & CO., 

112 South Washington St., 
VICKSBURG, MISS. 



Sunday Dcmncf at 



VlCKSBirUO. MISS.. SUNDAY. JANUABY 5 1890. 



C. C. REYNOLDS, DBDG CDMPAIIY 

DBOOB. CEEHICALS. FAHCY ABTICLES. 
Bnilhet. and Toilet A rtioltl. 

SHEKWII-WaUIMS PIEPIIEO MIITt 



HABD&WiT & CiSSELL, 



WINDOW GLASS, ALI, SIZES 



m. 



Staple and Fane? Qroceriss. 

. POEE AKD CHOICE GOODS A SPECIALTY. 
906 Wamhinglon street 

■v^cKSBUna-. i^iss. 



D. J. SHLENKER, 

GROCER AND COTTON FACTOR 

Gents Furnishing Goods and 

CLOTHING, 

'Wklch I offer &t nneqaalled Pricee. Call and 

examine before joa purchasel 
TTO. 107 -W-ASISIITTOIT ST. 



THE ALLIANCE THADE STOBE. 

Tlie "tCeo. S Ii'ving Company. 

iai^ERiijiNrM 

Vioksburg, Miss^ 



i;t,'liRENT NEWS. 















STOVES ! STOVES ! ll^Sg/s 
Cooking and Heating Stoves|r£T}B2^;"Hiffi 

CraUs, Athpans /Ve Stll, Coat VaiCi ond ttotts. 
.XtACIIINERY SUHPLIKS. ETC. 

li B. BRXTSETr; 



JOHN F. HAIFIN CO., 

WHOLESALE -:-OR0CEES, 

](«•. U7 »nd 120 aolbeny itr**!. Ti*k»biirr 
<-He»DQU«BTERB FOB-> 

FiBir. l!ll, Hsy, Cot!, OalS i Brai, lllllllia li!,'l:::;::;r;"''" 
rmuv: t rosedue cebeit » s«ci»ltj. I ,.;.; ,;;,s.;r;. 



^rirsi^issL-.s."- 



SiH^'StHit^^'^rL 


Lu luauittDios. oH*A BMJ wo-mreaw.* f «■ w»«on»«L ^ 


DELTA TOT ani BmCOIPir 




hid IQ C&plttl SSOO.MO. 


*" *" • •^m*n;iXutrL z^'j:l 1:;'=;? Jiuiir^ "^^ 


. ., ' DIHaoTOUi ' 


SriSHriS^ 




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IpMUl ftttntUo civn w wDvodou or uy tasIiMM «*■ 






~Bc^'STlZZ 




_isce«ronTm»— ..-- - 










«'»•)<>. On^lo., Pj^n Bl X *- 


; LEE RICHARDSON & CO^ 


™uiidi*i!l.^e. L. ILV u «- 


: HARDWARE. 


lrt"v^.i^^j^-"^^ 


HOUSE FURNISHING GOODS* 


tUn«lJi|*i^8e"l«>.o ten™. IM 


cflirrn oak co«i two. 


'™"?t'vS^'' """H 


FregCf Cliiu, Plois, A|rlcol(gnl iDiplemtDls, Suds. ElQ 


^r''.. '^i^^^<^ i!;,;^ri"" J» 


» VICKISBTJItG. 2^tISS. 






^^'lit^i"^'!*! ^i^ial-L^u";-'^.' 










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n.i!«.i»T,». r.i..-o»t.!i, . ,.w^^n 





Tie Ticisliirg JiiM jM Jotiacco Co. 

'• I,iquort, l^obJiddo^, Cigii'^, %ti. 

ALSO IPORTliM OF All CASE UQW 

416 Waahisgton St, TICKSBDSO, MISS. 
J.,_^M.^^ MoINTXRE. Manaaen 




MisBisBippi Home Insurance Co 

OF VICKSBURC, MISS. ° 

10» PAID L\ mum $125,000.0(1 

corTOB An> coTTOM on iH8nB,uicz A araciAUl 
We are Prepared to place larfe llnea en cot 
ten In preeeee at Lowest Ratea In FIrat-claa* 
Compeniea. ^ 


.»lu Jd UI..<.i.diUii.c<,ikx» 


Vi<5k^ui'^ dottori Oil Coiripa,i\y V 

GINNERY! 

Oaet III fort! Cirntt D<p«l ' ml lilir Stmtt 


ten Iki' ^lu of*^'.ki. u' I.U """oi 

™pii'i!13.iphirKi'ii» » u"Jo(Zi [™ 


W. H. ANDREWS & BROS. 
Cotton Factors. 

VICKSBDIIG, - T"^"--- - MISS 




J. Q. ARNOLD. 
UNDERTAKER AND EMBALHEB, 

tuner\i Pai-lor Comer Monroe and Crovt SlretU. 


JOHN MEIERS, 

GRAIN, WmERrPRUDicK AND PRflVISIDNSl 


' - u"m S'XT *" """"" '" ' 


strictly Cash.; 





tli 



),.'"'^ 



N. J. ■aaslnaky, Soymoiir Dnzalnsky, 

(('hiiiiifiij r/crA.) 



Sam. Basslnahy. 



BAZSINSKY BROS., 

LiverjjBBd and Sale Slahles, 

AND VlCKSBUl^G R. R. TRANSFER CO. 

Il;ig;^;i!^c riicckdd lo all rtiiiils. {)\[\m hUw in Ollico for aiijiliiii;.^ in our lino 



Miilrs iuiil I It)rs(>s ti>iisl;iiill\ >in li.iihl, .mil \\>\ S;ili- nii Krasonablo 
'IViins ('i>nsii;mniMils t>r sUhU SdIii itrd. I'.lt'i'.inl I "n i i.iiMs loi I'ri- 
valc ,\\u\ WciMiuj;; l\iilics ami I'^iunMals I'liiiiisliccl on sli.ut noiico. 
('.iit'liil ,\inl Pajx-i icMccil iliixcrs. Spn i.il ;ilU'ii(i>>n ;',i\i'ii lo lUi.mliii!' 
lloisos. (live lis .1 r.ill ,uul we will ciulc.noui (>> plcisc you. 



Stables tor. Walnut and China Streets. 
T«l«phon«, No. 86. Opon Day and Night. 



'f^nmmtri!,,f 



%ht Mit) muMm %^t^i#^ 



UtalmtolU 



mm mam. 



JiBuarylO/ilO 



w;«i, (friMf. 



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L. 
DOWN THKy WMK ! ; .'^ 

I tM» MM MMU Wt If ( tM ItiiM 




OXOiLXS 



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JifcSiL,. ^^_ lyiff* 




' 'UUUkW.. 

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OMLY, 



:v!^3n.,'' tiWi!i(!?Ir 



t' nil Alt, 






-f. 



STULTZ & BAUER, 

MANUFACTURERS OF 

FIRST CLASS PIANOS, 

Factory and Warcrooms, 338 an«l 34() Kast 31st St. 

NEW YORK CITY. 



il 




'%i 


|r:r;i|-\|:M 




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^^g^^^g 



Sole Agent for the State of Mississippi 



VICKSBUKG, MISS. 



The Jas. L. Haven Co., 

IVIA]SrTTI<"^5i^CTTTR,K:it« 01>' 

PASSENGER AND FREIGHT 

ELEVATORS, 

HYDRAULIC, STEAM and HAND POWER. 

AND 



ELM, PLUM, SECOND AND COMMERCE STS., 

CIXCINXAXI, OHIO, tJ. S. A. 



The Jas. L. Haven Co., 



MANUFACTURERS OF 



MALLEABLE CASTINGS, 

AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS, 

SUGAR CANE MILLS, 

AND EVAPORATORS. 

CIDER MILLS, CUTTING BOXES, 

CORN CRUSHERS, FEED MILLS, ETC., 

''SANITAS" SCHOOL DESKS. 

CIXCINBJAXI, OHIO, U. S. A. 

fifg- Special Catalog-u-os X^ailed. 02a. U^-pplicatloaa.. "^^ 



Metropolitan Livery Stables. 

Cor. China and Walnut Sts., VICKSBUUG, Miss. 



M. H. PEIN"E, - - Proprietor. 



Livery and Sale Stables, 

Horses boarded by the Day, Week, or Month. 

Large Pens for Mules. 

First-class Riding and Driving Horseso 

Hacks for Hire Day and Night. 



MAIL OR TELEPHONE ORDERS GIVEN PROWPT ATTENTION. 



An experience of a quarter of a century justifies the 
assertion that all business entrusted to this well-known 
and popular stable will be attended to in an entirely satis- 
factory manner. 



flU-U'S I\I. Kl.KIN. 



Wm. M. Klkin. 



Julius M. Klein & Bro., 
Fine, Macine, Life ft Accident Insurance, 



Offi.ce No. 102^2 Wai^hington St., over Vickshurg Bank, 



VICKSBURG, MISS. 



COMPANIES REPRESENTEl^ 



Mutual Life Ins. Comp'y N.Y., 
Phenix Insurance Co. of 

Brooklyn, K Y., 
New Orleans Insurance Asso- 
ciation, 
Phoenix Ins. Co. of Hartford, 



Home Insurance Co. of New 

York, 
Crescent Insurance Co. of 

New Orleans, 

Liverpool & London & Globe 
Ins. Co. England, 



Fidelity & Casualty Company, New York. 



G. K. BIRCHETT. 



J. D. GILLAND. 



Birchett & Gilland, 

ATTORNEYS-AT-LA W , 

VICKSBURG, IVIISS. 



OKFICE OVEFt MERCHANTS' IStATIONAL. I3ANK. 



M'r'GiRS or -— ^_^„ 

ARCMlTECT^Mt M| 
Cast &wf\ouQiMT® © jmmi 
^I ronWork - 

I Fencing -Cresting^BrassI 

I &WIRE COUNTER RAILINGS 



Brass Iron a 5TtcL 



Wire- Cloth -.^ 

° EverV-Des^ripTTon 



SEfDfOR ■ 

CATALOC"! 



C. C. REYNQLnS DRUG COMPANY, 

YicKSBURG, Miss., 

Is Headquarters for all Standard Goods in the Drug Line. 

WE KEEP AT ALL TIMES A LARGE STOCK OF 

WhitH Lead, Dils, VaBnisks, PaintEBs' Suppliaa, 

liALSOMillVE, Etc., Etc. 

We are Sole Agents for Sherwin-Williams Celebrated 
Prepared Paints. 

SOLE PROPRIETORS OF Dr. MITCHELL'S CELEBRATED 

10^ Liver Pills and Tonic Pills, 1 & 2, 

THE INFALLIBLE MALARIA CURE. 

BLOOMENSTIEL'S CONFECTIONERY. 

MANUFACTURER OF 

PURE CANDIES AND CAKES, 

ICE CREAM AND SODA ^VATER, 

Branch, 220 Wash. Street, 115 WASHINGTON STREET, 

ViCKSBURG, Miss. 



DEALER IN 



SEWING MACHINES, PIANOS AND ORGANS, 

JStlicet IVIvissiic, Etc. 

Needles, Oil and Serving Machine Goods, 

Hand-Se\A^ing Needles, Pins, Etc. 

REP AIRINGS A. SPECIALTY. 
]Vo. 310 CK.AWEOI?^r> J?«TItEET, 

Next to Theatre Entrance. YICKSBURG, MISS. 



N COLDSTEIN. 



Wei«« tt Cxold«teii:i, 

Cotton Pactofs and Commission Mefchants, 

GREENVILLE. MISS. 

We are always to the front, the old reliable firm of Weiss & 
Goldstein, carrying- ine largest and most complete stock of General 
Merchandise, Clothing and Gents Furnishing Goods and an .'xclusiva 
Boot, Shoe and Hat Department, wlii'ii we purchase direct from the 
manufacturers thereby enabling us to meet all legitimate competition 
in Wholesale and Retail business. We kindly ask the public to pay 
us a visit before making their purchases elsewhere, feeling satisfied 
that we can make it to their interest to do so. 

All we ask is a trial. W3 also wish to call attention to our 
immense Cotton Factorage business; handlins^ more Cotton than 
any other one firm in the Delta is sufficient to convince the public 
that p11 shipments entrusted to us, will receive the best attention 
and command tlie iligliest market values and rendering prompt 
accouat Sales. 

Respectfully yours, 

Weiss & Goldstein. 



MANUFACTURER AND DEALER IN 

Pine Buggies, Carriages, Wagons and Harness 

And Agent for the 

RENOWNED MILBURN WAGON. 
Repairing? Promptly Done. 

No. 507 and 509 Washington St. , opp. , A. & V. Depot, Vicksburg, Miss. 




The Blue and The Gray 

And all of their friends are invited to visit 

THE F^IR," 



a 



China, Glassware, Tinware, Woodenware, Baskets, Lamps, 
Mirrors, Pictures, Frames, House Furnishing Goods, Toys, Dolls, 
Vases, Velocipedes, Tricycles, Wagons, Baby Carriages, Five and 
Ten Cent Goods. Largest Assortment. Lowest Prices. 

REA & JACKSON, 

Vicksburg, Miss. 

JEWELER. 



I always have on hand, a large stock of 

Fine Watches, Diamonds, Silverware, Opera 
Glasses, Silk Umbrellas, etc., 

I have every facility for turning out fine repairing. 

Washington Street, VICKSBURG, Miss 



JOHN ]V£KIKRS, 

WHOLESALE GROCER 



AND DEALER IN 



Grain, Produce, Provisions, Bagging 
and Ties. 

Nos. 116 and 118 Mulberry St., VICKSBURG, MISS. 

Established 1881. 



C. J. SEARLES, 

Largest Grain Dealer in Mississippi, 
VICKSBURG, MISS. 

WRIGHT BROTHERS, 

IMPORTERS AND JOBBERS OF 

HARDWARE, CUTLERY, CROCKERY, TINWARE, HOUSE 

FURNISHING GOODS, AGRICULTURAL 

IMPLEMENTS. 

VICKSBURG, - - Mississippi. 



• GEO. U. HIRSCH, 

REALESlAIEDEALEBHIOfiTGAGEBROKER 

* Money to Loan on Improved Real Estate. 

urn COLIECTID, !MES PAID, LAND BOUGHT AND SOLD. 

Correspondence Relative to Lands and Timber Specially 
Solicited and Given Prompt Attention. 

Unequalled Facilities for Handling Large Blocks of Land. 

GEO. U. HIRSCH, 

201 T7^a,sl3.ixa.g"ton. Street, 
VIOKSBURG, MISS. 

Real EslalB I Loan H^enf, 

107 WASHINGTON STREET, 

ViCKSBURG, iVllSS. 

Large Tracts of Timber Lands for Sale. 

MONEY TO LOAN, RENTS COLLECTED. 

CITY PROPJilRTY^ BOUGHT AND SOLD. 
Coi-1-esBspoiicleia.ce .*»olioitecl. 



\VM. STANTON. W. A. STANTON. 

WM. STANTON & SON, 

Architects and^ 

-^- Superintendents , 

"Washington St., 
VICKSBURO, MISS- 

John Curphey. James Mundy. 

CURPHEY & MUNDY, 

Contractors and Builders, 



MANUFACTURERS OF AND DEALERS IN 



Sasli, Doors, Blinds, llouligs, Luniljor and Wm^ latcrial. 

Etc., ,Etc., 

Corner Clay and Monroe Streets, 

VicKSBURG, Miss. 



Instantaneous Pictures for Children. 





DUPLICATES CAN BE PROCURED ANY TIME. 




CO 


SREClAl— A-r-rENTION 

GIVEN TO ALL KINDS OF 




C/D 




c-:> 



POi? TRAITURE 



IN CRAYON, INK, OIL, OR WATER COLOR. 



GRAVES & FLOWERS, 
III2 Washington Street, 

VICKSBURG, - - Miss. 



NEWBY & EYANS' "''""'«' 



PIANOS 



Arc High Class Instruments. Brilliant in tone, un- 
surpassed in workmanship and finish. 



FACTORY "teTsTtTv::' ARE SOLD 



lOli Wasbiugtou St., Vicbburg. 



MARTIN MARSHALL, 

Attorney at Law, 

Cor. Crawford and Washington Sts., 

VICKSBURG, MISS. 

.T. W. SHOI^T, 

WHOLESALE AND RETAIL DEALER IN ASH WOOD, MIXED WOOD. 

COTTON WOOD AND SHINGLES. 

Rafted Timber of all kinds bought and sold. 

Office : 409 W. JACKSON ST., VICKSBURG, Miss. 

Orders by Telephone, or orders left at F. M. McRae's, Allen Sc Sons, 
or Johnson's Drug Palace. 

T. A. MATTINGLY. A. D. MA'ITINGLY, Jr. W. S. MATTINGLY. 

MATTINGLY BROS., 

Oolcl Storag:o 0<>., 

Wholesale and Retail Dealers in 

All kinds of Western and Native Meats, Poultry and Game, 
310 Washington Street, 

Cherry St. R.R. Crossing, Jackson Road, Butler's Old Stand, Levee St. and Stall 6, Market House, 

VICKSBURG, Miss. 



THE D. W. FLOWERREE ICE CO., 

VICK8BURG, MISSISSIPPI. 



officers: 

C. C. Flowerree, Pres.; E. C. Carroll, Vice-Pres.; 

Murray F. Smith, Sec'y ; 
R. L. Wilson, S. H. Parisot. 

Osaham, Clask & Rig§s, 

WHOLESALE DEALERS IN 

APPLES AND IRISH POTATOES, 

Wholesale and Retail Dealers in 

PITTSBURGH & BLACK DIAMOND COAL, 

YICKSBURG, miss. 



Blijie BlTlcI Ora^r 

Saloon and Restaurant. 




(sign of the big fish.) 

Elegant Meals to Order, Comfortable Rooms, 

Moderate Prices. 

317 Washington Strsst, Victslurg, Uise. S, U, HASZINEER, Proprietor, 

This is the Beer and Liquor House of the Hill City. All kinds 

of Wines and Liquors on draught at the Bar and for sale 

by the bottle or gallon, near wholesale rates. 

The best " Nickel " Cigar in the City. 



COLD LUNCHES: 

Cheese. ^-Imported Swiss, Limburger, Colony Brick and Neufchatel, Hand and 
German Cream. 

Sausages. — Salami, Cervelet, Liver, Bologna, Weiner Wurst, and Ham, Hogs- 
head Cheese and Fresh Smoked Wurst, from Nick Seibels French Market Stall. 

Fish. — Herring, Russian Sardines, Sardines of all kinds. Anchovies and Caviar, 
Dried Beef, Sour Tripe and Pig's Feet. 

Free Lunches Daily from 10.50 a.m. to 12.50 p.m. No minors allowed to patronize 
the Bar. Regular Meals (good), 25 Cents. Lodgings, 50 Cents. 



■WAR REIilCS. — The identical table used by Generals Grant and Pemberton, July 3d, 
1803, in sifining the articles of the surrender of the city of Vicksburg. Also duplicate of the 
boat (weight 30 pounds), that was used by Hill and Williams, to run the blockade jiast the U. S. 
gunboats below Vicksburg, 1st day of June, 1803. 

REMEMBER THE SIGN OF THE BIG FISH. 



BlEDENHARN & 80N 



WHOLESALE AND RETAIL 



CONFECTIONERS 

218 and 220 Washington St., Vicksburg, Miss. 

D. J. SHLENKER, 

Wholesale Grocer and Commission 
Merchant, 

107 Washington St., Vicksburg, Miss. 

S. ROTHSCHILD, 
BROKER and JE^WELER, 

212 WASHINGTON ST., VICKSBURG, MiSS. 

Keeps on Hand a Large Stock of 

Diamonds, Watches and Jewelry. Deals in Gold, Silver and all kinds 

of Articles of value. 

Money loaned in large sums on good collaterals, at reasonable rates. 



W. O. WORRELL, 

DEALER IN 



IiDain, Ha|, Lime, Cement and Plasters, 

And Raven's Animal Food for Stock. 

Proprietor of Phenique, the Best Disinfectant known to the Medical 
Profession and Health Officers. Write for Circulars. 

310 N. WASHINGTON ST.. VICKSBURG, MISS. 



A. ANDERSON, 



DEALER IN 



Stoves & Tinware, 

QUEENSWARE, GLASSWARE AND 
CROCKERY. 

Tin, Copper and Sheet Iron 

^Ksr o KL k: €: li . 

Main Street, Greenville Miss. 




BOSS CIGAR STORE, 

oxjT :RA.rr:Ei tici^et office- 

Offers special inducements in Meerschaum Pipes and Amber Cigar Holders. He 
has the finest lines ot these goods ever brought to this city. Also keeps a full line of 
Imported and Domestic Cigars and Tobaccos, Etc. The finest assortment of Silk 
Umbrellas and Walking Sticks, which must be sold out at reduced prices. Call and 
examine these goods and judge for yourself at 

JULIUS RUHMAN'S, 
BOSS OIGAR STORE. 

AOEIVT FOR- SHOW CAjajES!^. 



Save money by buying your Boots and Shoes at 

EilhBEfs Ymlm ShnB SIoipb, 

117 Washington St., Vicksburg, Miss. 

Manufacturer and Dealer in all kinds of Boots and Shoes, 
Orders by Mail carefully attended to. 

LAZ. HIRSCH. JOS. KLEIN. 

LAZ. HIRSCH & CO., 
Cotton Factors and Commission Merchants, 

AND DEALERS IN 

Dry Goods, Clothing, Boots, Shoes, Groceries and Plantation 

Supplies. 

207 Washington Street, VICKSBURG, MisS. 

J. GUSDOFER, 
Cotton Factor and Commission Merchant, 

213^ Washington Street, Vicksburg, Miss. 
All business attended to with promptness and dispatch. 



Telephone, 201. Consignments Solicited. 

Hude's Oyster and Produce Depot, 

DEALER IN 

Ice, Gulf Fish and Oysters, Poultry, Eggs and Game, 

Goods delivered to any part of the city free of charge. 
307 Washington St., Vicksburg, Miss. JOHN HUDE, Manager. 



JROBERT C. JUST, 

Jeweler, 

Repairing a Specialty. Lowest Prices. 




DIAMONDS, 

WA TCHES, 

JEWELRY, 
SIL VER WARE, 

CLOCKS, 

SPECTACLES, 



108 South Washington Street, 

Bet. Clay and Crawford Sts., 

VicKSBURG, Miss. 



JOHN DOUGHERTY, 

Wholesave and Retail 

Groceries and General Supplies, Wines, 
Liquors and Cigars, 

East side of Cemetery Road, near North end of Glass Bayou Bridge, 



Jug and Flask trade solicited. County trade desired and 
promptly served. 

WELL STOCKED BAR. 



TR,XJTKF'XJIj K,H3I=»I^H!SE;l^q■T-A.m03S^ SXJCCE3EDS. 

Wo loudly proclaim uur uuupproacliablo ability to siifitain the popular verdict of the people as the 

1) FirriUTrfnuTn tu 



INISIII 



oi^ THIS dor's". 

CUSTOM DEPAR-TIMLEIVX. 

Suits made to order from all Stylish Patterns from $25 up. Sole Agents for the 
Celebrated and world renowned KNOX SILK AND STIFF HATS. 

CHAS. ISAACS, ( Formerly Ruhman& Co.) 

DAVID NA/ALSH, 

DEALER IN 

(^xmtxm, ®0Uttttg & Western 

r»i«.<:>i>xJoii:, 

Cor. Washington and South Sts. YICKSBURG, MISS. 

S. SUSMAN. S. P. METZGER. 

SUSMAN & METZGER, 

Cotton Factors and Commission JVIerchants, 

COR. CRAWFORD AND MULBERRY STREETS, 

VIOKSBURG^ _ - - MISS- 

LIBERAL ADVANCES MADE ON CONSIGNMENTS. 

THK KKlzy^ KE^-iL, 

GEO. p. PREIL, Proprietor. 

Retail Dealer in Imported Wines, Liquors, Cigars, Etc. 

WHOLESALE DEALER IN CrESCENT BrEWING CoMPANy's AmORA BeER. 

123 Washington St., Vicksburg. 

(OPERA HOUSE BUILDING.) 



John W. Parkhurst, 
HOUSE AND SIGN PAINTER, 

313 SOUTH STREET, VICKSBURG, Miss. 

Fine Work a specialty; only the best material used, and 
first class workmen employed. Paper Hanging done to order. 

MAIL ORDERS GIVEN PROMPT ATTENTION. 

A. M. PAXTON & CO., 

Founders and Machinists, 

Manufacturers' Agents, 

Send for Circulars and Prices. VICKSBURG, MiSS. 

6 




CO /vv//^ ^ (W 



VICKSBURG STEAM BOTTLING WORKS, 
Manufacturers of Seltzer and Mineral Waters 



We are now manufacturing for the Trade a superior quality of Pure Apple, Peach, 
and Orange Cider, in barrels and half barrels ; also the Unrivalled Crab-Apple 
Champagne Cider, and Sparkling Malaga Cream, in cases four doz. pints, and two 
doz. quarts. Natural Mineral Waters in cases of fifty quarts. 

M. L. DEDMAN, Proprietor. 



T. Marshall Miller, Murray F. Smith. J. IIirsii 

Atty. Gen'l, State Mississippi. 

Miller, Smith & Hirsh, 
a ttornevs at law, 

ii6>^ Washington St., VICKSBURG, Miss. 

H. ST. L. COPPEE, 
Civil Engineer, 

Alembcr American Society of Civil Efigifieers. 

Local Engineer in charge of the River and Harbor improvements made by the 
United States Government. Consulting Engineer. Correspondence solicited. 

Of&ce over Hardaway & CasseU's Drug Store. Vicksburg, MISS. 

GOTTHELF & YOELLINGER, 

JEWELERS AND LOAN BROKERS, 

104 Washington Street, Vicksburg, Miss. 



Money loaned on Collaterals. County Scrip and School Warrants 

Purchased. Diamonds, Watches, Jewelry, Guns, etc., 

bought and sold. 

Ben. Hardaway. A. G. Casseli . 

Hardaway & Cassell. 
druggists. 



Drugs, Medicines, Toilet Goods, White Lead, Ready Mixed Paints, 
Oils, Window Glass, Garden Seed, &c. 

Cor. Clay and Washington Sts., Vicksburg, Miss. 



• •••••••••••••• 

MATONGLY, SON & CO., 

Wholesale and Retail 

DEALERS IN 

Pittsburgh and Alabama 

The Mattin|lj Millin| Company, 

J. B. MATTINGLY, Pres't. 

ROLLER PROCESS, STEAM DRIED. 

St. Louis prices delivered. 

Ord^ers promptl^^ a^ttencled. to. 

Hill Qir^i GLe(ri^i( Light C^- 

J. B. MATTINGLY, Pres't. 
VICKSBURG, MISS. 

• •••••••••••••• 



1 O PEORAM. 



Uifhi^burfl Ctrmng pO0t 



TTCKSBDKO KI8SI8BIPPI-THUB8DAY. NOVEMBER 7. ISea. 




THE VICKSBURG EVENING POST, 

PUBLISHED DAILY BY 

/. G, C ASHMAN & CO., 

CRAWTORD STREET, 

A paper that favors "protection to American Industries, the ob- 
servance of the Constitution, and the advancement of the material and 
moral interests of the South." 



TLi:.xT$^a"ii.^a"io]N:s 



OF NEW SHAPES AND DESIGNS 



Fines French ffi China. 




LEE RLlOH^S.K^r>SO]N: & OO., 



I-EE RICHARDSON, l.EE RICHARDSON, Jr., HUGH RICHARDSON, 

Pretiidcnt. Vice-President. Scc'y & Treas. 



LE[ RICHARDSON S COIPANl 

Wood and Willow Ware 

DEPARTMENT. 



♦ ^?<; * 



Paxils, Tubs, Butter Buckets, 

Wash Boards, Churns, Measures, 
Sieves, Butter Moulds, 

Axe Handles, Brooms, 

Wrapping Paper, 
Paper Bags, Twine, Rope, 

Clothes Pins, Cheese Safes, 



We make a specialty of this line of goods, bought by 
the car-load, which enables us to sell the largest trade at 
St. Louis prices. 



Jno> P> Richardson, Pres't. Aa P. Sauer, Sec'y & Mg'r. 

REFUGE OIL MILL CO., 

Manufacturers ok 

Crude and Refined Cotton Seed Oils, 

Cotton Seed Meal and Cake, 

Fertilizers and Regins. 

o|o 



Highest cash price paid for Sound 
Cotton Seed. Sacks and Twine fur- 
nished upon application to office of 
mill at 

VICKSBUKG, MISS. 



W. E. BECK&CO., 




Pure Soda 

Waters of all 

flavors. 

Seltzer, etc., 

Beck's original 

Pliosphafe 

Slierbet, 

Patented. 



Pure sweet Cider in barrels and halves; 
send us your orders and get the purest 
goods; this is the largest and most complete 
establishment in the South. 



YICKSBURG, MISS. 



p. p. WILLIAMS & CO., 

Wholesale Grocers, 

Commission. Merchants. 

FLOUR, : PROVISIONS : AND : GRAIN : SPEGIALTIES. 
Terms, Net Cash. 

Levee St., near L. N. 0. &,T. Freight Depot, 

VICKSBURG, MISS. 

J. K. MOORE. F. C. BAUM. 

INSURANCE AGENTS, 

1221 T77"a;Sl:iingrtorL Street, 

Yl(3KSB\5E.Gc, MISS. 

REPRESENTING 

Queen Insurance Company, of Liverpool. 

Hanover Insurance Company, of New York. 

Columbia Insurance & Banking Company, of Columbus, Miss. 

Germania Insurance Company, New York. 

.^tna Insurance Company, of Hartford, Conn. 



T. R. FOSTER, 

Cor. Clay & Washington Streets. 
VicKSBURG Miss. 



REARDON & RYAN, 

PRACTICAL HOf^se SHoe^s. 

Clay street, near Walnut, 



VICKSBURG, MISS. 



Patrick Henry, 

ATTO^NeV AT LaW, 

COR. CLAY e-r WASHINGTON STREETS, 
VICKSBURG, MISS. 

W. H. JONES & BRO., 

DRUGGISTS, 

Are constantly in receipt of Pure Fresh Drugs, Chemicals, Patent 
Medicines, Fine Perfumery Toilet Articles and everything kept in First 
Drug Stores. 

PERSCRIPTIONS A SPECIALTY. 

318 V/ashington Street, Second from New Pacific House. 



Vicksburg Wharf and Land Co., 

VICKSBURG, IVIISS. 

This Company owns a considerable addition 
to the City of Vicksburg, This property is situ- 
ated South of the City and controls the landing for 
the City and surrounding country. On this prop- 
erty are located the Inclines and Transfer of the 
Cincinnati & Texas Pacific Junction Railway Co. 
also the Engines and Pumps of the Vicksburg 
Water Supply Co. and the Vicksburg Wharf Boat 
and Elevator. The various railroads leading into 
Vicksburg connect at this point with boats on the 
Mississippi River. 

This Company owns what is now deemed the 
most desirable property for resident purposes. A 
splendid plateau nearly a mile long on Washing- 
ton street, (the main street of the City) furnishes 
an admirable location for those desiring to build 
homes. From there to the West can be had for 
miles a commanding view of the Mississippi River 
in all its meanderings, whilst to the North stands the 
City of Vicksburg and to the East the beautiful 
Walnut Hills. The Company has heretofore not 
been disposed to sell its lots, owing to the fact that 
they have been waiting for the extension of the 
street railway past this property. 

The City has lately been growing and Wash- 
ington street and the street railway will soon be ex- 
tended to this property. 

The Company offers its lots on long and easy 
payments to those contemplating building homes. 
The Officers of this Company are, Eugene Martin, 
President, Thomas W. Smead, Vice President, and 
S. W. Pittman, Secretary. 






(INCORPORATED 1870.) 

Authorized Capital - - - $1,500,000.00, 

. OFFICKRS: — ► 

R. F. Beck, President. Julius M. Klein, Vice President. 

J. J. Mulligan, Treasurer. John F. Halpin, Secretary. 

T. R. Foster, Attorney. 



Loans now on liaud secured by approved Real 

Estate. - . - _ $330,000.00. 

Profits on Stock for the year 1 880. - 40,000.00. 



Offers absolute security to investors and fays 
from 19 to 20 per cent per annum if parties con- 
tinue stock to maturity. 

Dues one dollar per share payable monthly. 
Shares estimated to mature in eight years and 
worth at maturity $200.00 per share. Loans soli- 
cited and interest charged at the rate of 6 per cent 
per annum. 

Parties having lots can receive loans from the 
association to build homes, and their payments will 
be less than rents, and they will acquire title to 
their homes in about eight years time. 

This association is conducted on the most 
conservative and soundest financial plans, and ic 
officered by our most trustworthy and experienced 
business men. 



G. G. PEGRAM, 



See portrait l)ag;e 262 



REAL ESTATE AGENT. 



MONEY TO LOAN ON IMPROVED REAL ESTATE. 
LOANS PROCUREO. 

REPRESENTING FOREIGN AND LOCAL CAPITAL SUFFICIENT TO 
SUPPLY ALL DEMANDS. 

Rents Collected. Taxes Paid. Lands Bought and Sold. 



Mr. Pegram, who has conducted more and larger transactions, 
probably, than any other dealer in the State, has on his lists some of 
the finest plantations in the Mississippi Valley, besides many desirable 
pieces of Vicksburg real estate. His means are sufficient to handle the 
largest enterprises, and his energy and character have given him deserved 
prominence. It is conceded by all that Mr. Pegram has done more to 
boom this city than any other man living. 



Refers by Permission to all Bankers of this City. 



Office over Merchants National Bank, 

VICKSBURG. MISS. 



Mississippi Home 

Instirance Company, 

OF 

Capital and Assetts Nov. 1st 1889: $140,707.86. 

Losses Paid in Four Years - - 130,000.00. 

:o: 

o:e=^:e^ic:b:ess- 

JOHN B. MATTINGLY, President. 

W. L. REYNOLDS, Secretary. 

— ^^DIRECTORS.^ 



John B. Mattingly, T. M. Smedes, 

G. W. Hutcheson, M. Dabney, 

Vincent Piazza, F. M. Andrews, 

H. H. Beidenharn, E. C. Carroll, 

I. C. Catchings, George S. Irving, 

J. J. Mulligan, J. Homburger, 

A. Warner, C. G. Wright, 

• W. H. Bruser, N. Piazza, 

W. M. Vosburg, W. H. Fitzhugh, 

H. C. McCabe, R. F. Beck, 

P. F. Williams, Julius Hoerner, 

E. Martin, W. L. Trowbridge. 
ORGANIZED 1st SEPTEMBER, 1885. 




ROACH COTTON WORM DESTROYER. 



This excellent machine supplies along felt want in the cotton prowing districts of the 
South, and the cotton worm is no longer a serious menace to the planter. There are other 
cottoti worm destroyers in themarliet, but it is believed that Roach's Cotton Worm Destroyer 
's the " multum inparvo". * 

Inventors have been groping for scioe time in the hope of getting the proper machine lor 
this purpose, but it was reserved for James P. Roach, President of the First National Bank ot 
VioJiiiburg, a practical, keen, quick-witted young representative of the New South, to grasp 
the Idea and invent the machine that has encountered the severe test of the U. S. Patent 
Office. But it was not without difficultv that he found himself able to apply his principle. 
Lightness with stability, simplicity w th security and strength, economy with due regard to 
severe usage and safety to man and beast in the distribution of the poison. . v, , j 

This machine has stood practical tests in the cotton helda and IS iuglily endorsed by lead- 
ing planters. 

For circulars and other information address, 

JAMES P. ROACH MAJSTTFACTURING CO., 

YicksbuTg* Miss. 



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M. H. MORRIS, President. WM. D. MORRIS, Secretary. 



;THE= 



Mofris Drive Well Polot Co 

Chicago, Illinois. 



I! 



The most complete and extensive plant 
for the manufacture of Well Points, Cylin- 
ders, Valves and other Well Specialties in 
the World. Railroad, Factory, Village and 
City Water Works supplied on short notice. 



The Morris Patent Perfection Well Points a Specialtf. 

The Best in tlae ^Vorld. 



This engraving on the right shows sectional view 
of Morris Perfectiou Drive Well Point 

with a part of the jacket and gauze removed to 
show its internal construction. It will admit four 
times as much water as a common Pipe or Washer 
Point, and is covered with 50 per cent, heavier 
brass jacket than is used on Pipe Points, and is 
not so liable to be destroyed in driving. 

The other engraving shows the Finished Point. 



FOR SALE BY ALL THE DEALERS IN 

Vicksburg, Natchez, Yazoo Cityi 
and New Orleans. 



l^^WRITE FOR CATALOGUE. ,=^1 



LEE KU;1IAUDSUN. 

Presideut. 



LEE UICHAUUSON, Jit.. HUGH KICIIAKDSON. 

Viuc-rrcsiaeut. Scc'y it Trcas. 



INOORPO RA TKJ). 



LEE eiCfi/ifiDSOl « COMPANY. 



IMPORTERS AND DEALERS IN 



CHARTER OAK STOVES, 



HARDWARE, CROC: 



CHINA AND GLASSWARE, 

House Furnishing^ Goods and Stoves, 



Plows, Agricultural Implements and Seeds. 



-A- C3- IE nsr T S OPOI^ 



Buffalo Scales, 
IkicKEYE Mower, 
Belmont Nail Co., 
Charter Oak Stoves, 
Washburn & Moen Barb Wire, 



Oriental Powder Co., . 
Blount's Steel Plows, 
Hall's Lone Star Plows, 
B. F. Avery & Son's Plows, 
N. Y. Belting and Packing Co 



PURCHASERS 

Of Diamonds, Jewelry, Watches and etc., will find 
it to their advantage to inspect our unusually attractive 
and extensive stock before making their purchases. 
The Designs are new and unique, and cannot be sur- 
passed by any in the market. 



OUR 



Prices are as low as is consistent with good, honest, 
reliable Goods. 



WE 



Solicit the patronage of the Public and guarantee satis- 
faction in every case. 

BEN. GUIDER, 

102 S. Washington Street, 

YlCKSBURG, JVllSS. 



F. T. Barber. C. R. Allen, ' 

F. T. Barber & Co., 

— PROPRIETORS — 

Excelsior Livery and Sale Stables, 

Dealers in Mules and Horses. Horses and Buggies for rent 
by the day or evening. Satisfaction guaranteed. 



313 CHINA ST., Between Washington and Walnut, 



VICKSBURG, M:ss. 



SMITH & TIERNEY, 

(BARRVS OLD STANDj, 

PLUMBERS and MACHINE SHOP 

Gas, Steam and Water Pipe Fitters. Inspirators and Governors, Steam Gauges, 
Globe and Angle Valve?, Cylinder, Gauge and Steam Cocks, Brass and Iron Pipe 
Fitting, Drive Well Pipe and Pumps. All knids of Machinery made and repaired. 
Estimates made. Workmen sent out and satisfaction guaranteed. 

-413 CLA.'ir STREET, VlCliS^BURG, Miss. 

HOMBURGER & FEITH, 

COTTON FACTORS, WHOLESALE GROCERS AND 

COMMISSION MERC HA NTS, 

118 Washington Street, "Vicksburg, Miss. 

We have alwayson hand a large stock of Sugars, Coffees, Teas, Molasses, Pickles, 
Mackerel (in Kits and Barrels), Apples, Potatoes, Canned Goodsof every description. 
Crackers, Soaps, Wood and Willow Ware, Bagging and Ties. Chewing and Smoking 
Tobaccos and Cigars a Specialty. Liberal Advances made on Cotton consigned to 
us. All orders promptly attended to. Satisfaction guaranteed. 



^f^ JOSEPH PODESTA, ^S^y 



Wholesale and Retail Dealer in Foreign 
and Domestic 

WINES, LIQUORS, CIGARS, 
AND TOBACCO. 

il2 Crawford Street, Vicksburg, Miss. 

My stock comprises everything of the Purest Quality that a person may want 
in my line. 





OXJIi 



FISHING TACKLE 

Is acknowledged by All Sportsmen to be of the very Highest Grade 
ever nianufactured. Our goods are Sold By All the best progressive 
Dealers in the United States and gives universal satisfaction in All 
Grades. Ask your dealer for our goods. 



William Mills & Son, 

BEST fishing TACKLE, 

7 Warren Street, New York. 



S. GOLDSMITH, 

President. 



M.J. GOLDSMITH, 

Secretary. 



N. PASS, 

Manager Cotton Department. 



XXHZE 



GOLDSIITH COTTON AND PBOIION CO., 



"Wholesale and Retail 



GROCERS AND COnON F 



Meat, Corn, Sugar, Potatoes, Tobacco, Bagging, Meal, Oats, Coffee, 
Apples, Cigars, Ties, Flour Bran, Molasses, Onions, Liquors, etc. 
etc., and a full line of CANNED GOODS and FANCY GROCERIES. 

CONSIGXMEXTS OF COTTON SOLICFTED. 

Strict Attention to Sales, and Prompt Returns Guaranteed. 

C3-K,EE33SrVirjI_.E, l^ISS. 



ESTABLISHED 1857. 



INCORPORATED 1886. 



LOUIS HOFFMAN HftROWARE CO. 



WHOLESALE 



H ^^ ic r> ^W i^ ieE> , 

Guns, Rope, Belting, Plovrs, 

Agricultural Implements, Ammunition and Fishing 

Tackle, Tools for Blacksmiths, House and 

Ship Carpenters, Wagon-makers, 

Gun-makers and Saddlers. 



-^C^ZBISTTS IFOiie 



Studebaker Wagons and Buggies, 
Button Sickle Grinders, 
Thomas Rakes, 
Hoffman Bermuda Plow, 
Planet Jr. Cultivators, 
Disk and Cutaway Harrows, 
Winchester Rifles, 

ADDRESS- 



Whiteley Mowers, 
Brinly Plows, 
Hazard Powder Co. 

Colts Guns, 

Iowa Barb Wire, 

Howe Scales, 

Acme Harrows, 



HOFFMAN BLOCK. 



VICKSBURG, MISS. 




■^ryuz^l^ye/ 



Fia^a^^a-'s 



NEW PACIFIC HOUSE, 

VICKSBURG, MISS. 

VINCENT PIAZZA, - - - Proprietor. 



This popular hotel, formerly known as the Pacific House, has 
been entirely rebuilt, newly and elegantly furnished throughout, and 
the cuisine is unsurpassed. 

Special rates to Commercial Travellers, Tourists in large i)arties 
and first-class professionals. For special rates for long periods 

Address, V. PIAZZA, 

Vicksburg, Miss. 



ELK'S CLUB ROOM. 



(^ J!M«rf» ^ 




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RESTAURANT AND SALOON. 



MEALS FURNISHED AT ALL HOURS. 
Table Supplied with the Best the Market Affords. 

SRl—ENOID TABI—E: SERVICE- 
FINEST WINES, LIQUORS, CIGARS. 

FANCY MIXED DRINKS A SPECIALTY. 

103 T?\7"a.si:Lii^g:tor^ Street, 

VICKSBURG, MISS. 



D. H. HERMAN, Proprietor. 



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^ BIMIXLY FLOTTS. ^ 




We manufacture a great variety of Plows suited to every 
soil and work. The cut above shows one of the favorite com- 
binations. Send for full price-list 

Brinly, ^iles & Hardy Co., 

Sole Manufacturers, LiOUisviUe, Ky. 

The Louis Hoffman Hardware Co. are our representatives in Vicksburg. 

P. J. FOLEY, 

Boiler Maker, 

Cor. Grove and Mulberry Streets, 

VICKSBURG, Miss. 

Estimates made on New Work. New 

and Second-hand Boilers 

always on hand. 



y. M. GIHSON, 7- ^- BIEN. 

District Attonuy. 

GIBSON & BIEN, 

A TTORNE YS AT LA W, 

YlCKSBURG, ./WlSS. 



A UG UST MORRISON, 
BLACKSMITH AND FARRIER, 

HORSE SHOEING A SPECIALTY, 

( Sign of the Big Horse Shoe.) 
Soiitli Washington Street, VICKSBURO, MISS. 

L. W. MAGRUDER, 

Cor. Clay and Washington Streets, 

VICKSBUUG, MISS. 

RESTAURANT and FURNISHED ROOMS. 

01(1 stand Spengler & Tonella. Cor. Washington &. China Streets 

VICKSBURG, MISS. 

Refitted :iud Refurnished. Viands and Service First-Class. All the delicacies of the season 
at reasonable prices. 

ROOMS 50 CENTS AND $I.OO PER DAY. 

♦^^^TROWBRIDGEHOUSE^^*- ' 

CORNER GROVE and WALNUT STREETS, 
R(ioms and table unexcelled, Rates %2 oo per day, W. Li. Trowbridge, Prop. 




3^vd:-^i2sr i3:oi::e 



jij-u- 



The Hotel Opens May 1st and Closes Nov. 1st. 



An analysis of one gallon of the water by Dr. Smith gives 
its gaseous contents : 

Oxygen 6.5 cubic inches. 

Nitrogen 4.5 " " 

Carbonic Acid 4.0 " " 

SOLID CONTENTS. 

Sulphate of Soda 11.705 grains. Chloride of Calcium 4.322 grains. 

" "Magnesia 23.28 '• " " Itlagnesium 3.4H0 

" Lime 42.132 " Peroxide " Iron 3.3<')2 

"Potash 0.(>08 ■• Chrenate " Lime 0.311 

"Alumina r..l20 " " "Silica 1.801 " 

Chloride " Sodium 8.360 " 

105.481 grains. 

The depo.sit obtained by evaporating the water in 105 grains : 

Water 38 grains. Sulphate of Lime 25 grains 

Chloride of Lime 2 " Peroxide of Iron 25 

The water of Cooper's Well enjoys a high reputation in dyspepsia and the 
various intestinal diseases of long standing; in liver complaints, chronic intlam- 
lualion of the bladder, and malaria, in dropsy and especially in chronic diarrhoea, 
the water has performed hundreds of miraculous cures. 

For further particulars address 

S. & H. SPENGLER, 



Raymond P. O. 



Cooper's Well, Miss, 



Vicksburg Opera House, 

PIAZZA & CO., Proprietors. 

Seating Capacity 1,200. Population of Vicksburg 25,000 

The Following Three Railroads center here : 

The L. N. O. & T., in direct cnniimmication witli Memphis and New Orleans ; The 
Queen & Crescent and Vicksburg, Shrtveport & Pacific, in direct communication with 
Alabama and Texas. 

VICKSBURG, Miss. 

"P" LINE EXCHANGE, 

Successor to tlie Conlan Uonse, 

Cor. Levee and Crawford Sts., Vicksburg, Miss. 

The first cliance to get an honest drink after landing at Vicksburg. Pure Liquors 

and Tobaccos always on hand. Boarding and Lodging for Permanent 

and Transient Customers. 

Meals, 2o Cents eacli. JAS. H. WALSH, Proprietor. 



I 



Hair Dressing l Bathing Saloon. 

THE FINEST IN THE SOUTH. 

HOT, COLD, AND VAPOR BATHS. 
J. J. WEIMAR, Prop'R. Vicksburg, Miss. 

M. E. HERMAN, 



DEALER IN 



Dry Goods, Clothiiig, Boots, Shoes, Hats, Caps, and Gents 
Furnishing Goods. 

320 SOUTH WASHINGTON STREET, 

Next door to New Pacific Hotel. VICKSBURG, M !SS. 



ATTORNEY AT LAW 

VICKSBURG, MISS. 



Will practice in the Courts of Warren and adjoin- 
ing counties and the Supreme and Federal Courts for the 
State of Mississippi. Foreign collections promptly at- 
tended to. 

John C. Kearney, 

General Aiictioneer and Commission MercJiant and Dealer in 

Neiv and Second-hand Articles for Household use. 
Nos. 305 Washington & 3 1 2 South Sts., Vicksburg, Miss. 

Consignments of all kinds solicited. Always on hand a fine assortment of 
furniture of all descriptions. Old styles and qualities of furniture and bric-a-brac a 
specialty. 

Orders from the country solicited and prompt attention i^iven thereto. 

Prices guaranteed lower than any house in the City. 

John Schlottman, 

PIANO MOVING A SPECIALTY, 

Orders by mail or telephone promptly attended to. 
VICKSBURG, MISSISSIPPI. 

TONY'S SHOE STORE, 

CUSTOM WORK A SPECIALTY, 
FIT AND QUALITY GUARANTEED. 

A. TVARGOSKY, 

Ills. Washington St., Vicksburg, Miss. 



Wachenheim's Exchange, 

S. WACHENHEIM, Proprietor. 
RESTAURANT. 



Newly furnished; polite, attentive wait- 
ers ; Table excellent, elegant sleeping 
rooms, fire escapes and perfect drainage. 
Containing all the modern improvements. 
Strictly first class in every particular. 



117 Washington St., 



vioitsBXJiio. m:ijss. 



G. W. Hutcheson 



GrR^OOE^R^iT OO-, 



DEALERS IN 



S taple and 



F ancy GROCERIES, 



208 SOUTH WASHINGTON ST., 



VICKSBURG, Mississippi. 



■: McGee's Cotton Seed :■ 

Cotton Sold for 14 to 151 Cents. 

Seasons of 1888 and 1889. 

Staple H to 1% Inches. 

Splendid Avhih|b Yields, and Vbey Vi|npnns. 

iSI PROFIIABLE KNOWN 10 IH[ MISSISSIPPI ML[Y, 
Price, $1.00 per bushel. 

Refer to the following well-known cotton firms : 

Swartz & Co., Vincent & Hayne, J. J. Cowan & Co., 
Wells & Co. - 

Address Swartz & Co., qf Wm. McOee, 

VicKSBURG, Miss. 



RICE & CO. 

The only first class Furniture House in Vicksburg 
where you can find everything in the furniture line from 
the cheapest to the very finest. Also a complete stock 
of Mattresses, Pillows and Wall Paper. If you are in 
need of anything in our line, don't fail to consult your 
own interest and see us before buying elsewhere. 



Rice & Co., 

121 Washington Street, 

Vicksburg, Miss. 

I*. J. O'SHE^J^, 

ESTABLISHED IN 1863, 
D«aler In 

LSiauops, vS^iqerps (2ir)<a y^^^^iccos. 

Branch Stores in Louisiana and Mississippi, 

Saloon, Boarding House and Restaurant. 

Levee Street, Vicksburg; Miss. 



The Renowned Bargain 
HOXJSK 

OIF TTIOIEZiSIBTJ'IEea-- 

Chas. Jacob, 

20^ "TTT" a.slrLirLg'ton. Street- 
Dry Goods, Clothing, Millinery, etc., etc. 
Leader of Low Prices and Big Assortments. 

J. D. TANNER, 

GQNTRAGfDR AND BUILDEH. 

Brlckmaker, 

YARD AND RESIDENCE. 
Bowmar Ave. and South Washington S: 
VICKSBURG, MISS. 

Personal attention given to all work. Only best material used and 
work carried forward with promptness and despatch. Mail orders 
solicited and given immediate attention. 

TELEPHONE 105. 



H. B. BRUSER, 



-: DEALER IN :- 



HARDWARE, STOVES, 

Cutlery, Wood and Willow Ware, 
Tinware, Oils, Plows, 
Agric ult ural Iraplem en ts. 

Fire Brick and Tile, 
Tin, Copper and Sheet Iron Work. 

PLUMBING AND CAS FITTING 

PROMPTLY DONE. 

STORE, 120 Washington Street. 

SHOPS, III, 113, 115 Mulberry Street, 

yiOKSBURG, MISS. 



EDWARD S. BUrrS, H. C KUYKENDALL, 

President. V. Pres. and Acf'g Cashier. 

VICKSBURG BANK, 

VICKSBURG, MISS. 

AUTHORIZP:!) capital, $500,000 

CAPl'I'AL PAID IN, 75,000 

Tmnsacts a General Banking and Exchange Business. 

ESTABLISHED November J2th, 1866. 

J. lAT. H:J^IvIIvI, 
Artistic Painter, Sign Writer, 

Paper Hanger, Frescoing. 

FINE WORK A SPECIALTY. 



Satisfaction guaranteed. Only the best material used, and none but expert workmen 
employed. Orders by mail or telephone given prompt attention. Address 

J. W. HAMM, Vicksburg, Miss. 

ST. CHARLES SALOON, 

T. J. HOS.SLEY, Proprietor. 

FiNG Wings, LigaoF^^ anD ^ggai^^, 

SOLE DEALKR IN 

Foss & Schneider's Cincinnati Lager Beer, 

208 Washington Street, - - Vicksburg, Miss. 

The Delta Shoe Store, 

F. A. HOLMES, Proprietor, 
1 12 Levee Street, Vicksburg, Miss. 



A full stock of first-class Boots and Shoes, consisting of Ladies', Misses' and Children's. 
Also Men's, Boys' and Youths', always on hand. 

RUBBER GOODS A SPECIALTY. 



ADLER'S 
NEW SHOE STORE 




Ladies, Misses, Children, Infants, Gents', Boys' and Youths' 

SHOES, 

in all grades, from a heavy working shoe to the 
finest Dress Shoe. 



GOOD MATERIAL AT LOW PRICES. 

— — ^l"IC * 

Prices not only lessened, but material and workmanship improved. 



For quality, styles and prices, Adler's Shoe Store takes the lead. 



PARTICULAR ATTENTION GIVEN TO ALL ORDERS. 



ADLER'S NEW SHOE STORE, 

los W^a^siiirLgton St., 
Vlcksburg, Miss. 



ADOLPH ROSE, 



IMPORTER AND JOBBKR OF 



Dry Goods, Notions, Hats 
and Shoes. 



JEAN PANTS A SPECIALTY. 



Clay St., bet. P. 0. & Express Office, 



VICKSBURG, MISS. 



Baccxj-CTSiTroEij'sr tt^ezoxjES-^i-e. 



WM. CURPHEY, 



MANUFACTURER OK AND DEALER IN 



Lumber, Sash, Doors, 
Blinds, Etc. 

Vicksburg, - . - Miss. 



William Curphey is a native of the Isle of Man, but came to this 
country in 1869. He Hved North for a short while, and removed to 
Vicksburg in 1 870. He started in the builder's business with his brother, 
under the firm name of Curphey & Co., in 1876, and built the saw-mill 
boat " Lee Richardson, Jr.," in 1882. He ran this boat until 1886, 
when he dismantled her and built the saw-mill which was destroyed by 
fire in May, 1889. He then built his new mill, which has a capacity of 
40,000 feet per day, and cost $17,500. He does a large logging 
business, and gets his material from his own lands in Tunica and 
Washington Counties, where he has enough timber to last several years, 
consisting mainly of cypress. 



Clothing Headquarters. 

We mean just what we say — We are headquarters in this Section ■) 
for all that is ^^■1 

STYLISH AND ELEGANT 



'8 AND BOYS' CLOTHING." 



In " Fine Underwear " we have at all times just the Styles and 
weights to please the fancy of Careful buyers — 



For Striking Novelties in Neckwear, Shirts, Hosiery, Handkerchiefs, &'c., 

see us. 

SPECIALTIES. 

— Brokaw Bros., Clothing — F. C. 6f F., Neckwear and Gloves — 
— Dunlap Hats, all kinds — 

MERCHANT TAILORING DEPARTMENT. 

Suits to Order, in the best of style, of Imported goods only. 
Samples and rules for self-measurement sent to any address. 

No. 122 WASHINGTON ST, 



FULTON M. McRflE. 



This gentleman needs no introduc- 
tion to the public. His reputation has 
been established long ago, and is 
known all over this Mississppi Valley. 
By his vim and energy he has pushed 
his business to every hamlet in it, and 
to-day he is the largest Wholesale and 
Retail Druggist in the State of Missis- 
sippi, Every branch of the trade is 

represented in his ware-rooms, and he 
needs no further comment. 



S. SPENGLER, 

SAW MILLS 



MANUFACTURER OF 



Doors, Sash and Blinds, Laths and 

Shingles. Keeps constandy on 

hand seasoned Flooring and 

Ceiling. 

Washington, Street, 

Opposite the Gas Works. 



J. C CARSON, 



HRGHITECT / BdlLDER, 



Washington Street, 



VICKSBURG, Mississippi. 

Lock Box, 226. 



Possesses unsurpassed facilities for doing all work 
prompdy and sadsfactorily. Only first-class work- 
men eneao^ed and best material used. Plans, 
specifications and quantities furnished. 
No charge for plans where I do 
the work. 



Personal supervision given to all work I undertake. 




«f|IS|ll|ICTO|l 

YICKSBURG, MISS., 

S. COHN, Manager, 

L. J. Leddy & W. Elmo Stephenson, 

(CLERKS.) 

This excellent Hotel has been refitted 
and newly furnished throughout. 



The table will be made a leadins: feature and the cui- 

sine will be under the direction of one of the 

ablest Chefs in the country. 



Convenient to all railroads, steamboat-landings, places 
of amusement and business centre of the city. 



SPECIAL RATES TO COMMERCIAL TRAVELLERS. 



JOHN F. HALPIN CO. 

INCORPORATED 1884, 

UNDER THE LAWS OF THE STATE OF MISSISSIPPI. 

Authorized Capital, $25,000.00, 



OI^I^IOEI^S. 



W. M. Halpin, President; John F. Halpin, Manager; K. J. Bruzelius, 

Secretary. 



Wholesale Grocers and Cotton Factors. 

Headquarters for 

Flour, Meat, Hay, Corn, Oats, and Bran. Alabama Lime, Portland 
and Rosedale Cement a specialty. 



Special attention given to consignments of cotton, and 

we are in a position to obtain the highest market prices 

for the benefit of our shippers. 



GEO. S. IRVING, 

I'res. & Treas. 



GEO. P. REEVE, 

Vice-Pres. & Sec 'v. 



(INCORPORA TED.) 



%\\t (Seo. #♦ f ning Cf0., 



COTTON FACTORS 



AND WHOLESALE AND RETAIL DEALERS IN 



dMB 



e; 



COR. WASHINGTON AND SOUTH STS., 



VICKSBURQ, 



illSiS, II 

1 



m:iss. 



Louisiana state Lottery Co. 

SINGLE NUMBER DRAWINGS 

TAKE PLACE UNDER THE PERSONAL SUPERVISION AND MANAGEMENT OF 

Gen. G. T. BEAUREGARD, of Louisiana. 

Gen. JUBAL A. EARLY, of Virginia. 



IMPORTANT : 

Address Henry Mayer, P. 0. Box, 136 Vicksburg, Miss. 

By ordinary Letter containing MONEY ORDER issued by ail Express Companies, 
New York Exchange, Draft or Postal Note. 



Address Registered Letters containing Currency to 

Henry Mayer, P. 0. Box 136, Yieksburg, Miss. 



Your hand-writing must be distinct and signature plain. More rapid 
return mail delivery will be assured by your inclosing an en- 
velope bearing your full address. 



Order your tickets without delay to ensure prompt attention. 
SEND FOR CLUB RATES OR AGENTS' TERMS. 



For Tickets, Circulars, or Further Information, Address 

HENRY MAYER, - - P. O. Box 136, 



BAER&BRO.. 

WHOLESALE AND RETAIL 

Dry Goods, 

Window Shades, 
Oil Cloths, 
Carpets, Clothing, 

Mattings, 
Shoes, 

Hats, Etc. 



THE TRADE WILL ALWAYS FIND CLOSEST POSSIBLE PRICES 
AND BEST DISCOUNTS. 



123 WASHINGTON STREET, 



(Cor. China St., opp. Washington Hotel,) 



VICKSBURG. Miss. 



A. G. TILLMAN. 



**************** * 



% HEADQUARTERS T 



FOR 



Blank Books ^ 

hi H 

J STATIONei^V, H 

U HKIA^ PAPER. Etc. p 

V io8 Washington St., ^ 

J YICKSBURG, Miss. ^ 

********* * ******* 



A. G. TILLMAN. 



D 



ROBERT ERNST, 

THE JEWELER 

lAMONDS, WATCHES. SILVERWARE. 



B 



RQNZE / BISQUE ORNAMENTS. 



LARGEST STOCK OF DIAMONDS IN THE STATE. 

No. 3 Washington Street. 

In Watches I keep all the finest makes and am Sole 
Agent for the celebrated 

PATEK, PHILLIPE & CO.'S WATCHES, 

Awarded the Grand Prize of Honor at the Paris Exposition 



Pianos and Organs : 

This House is the acknowledged Musical Headquarters of the city. I 

am Agent for 

SOHMER, STULTZ & BAUER, 

NEWBY & EVANS, and WEBER PIANOS, 

AND 

NEWMAN BROS, and CHASE ORGANS. 



A 



BLANKS & CO., 

Photograph and Art Gallery, 

HofFman Building, Clay Street, 

OVER THE SOUTHERN EXPRESS OFFICE. 

VICKSBURG, - - - - MISS. 



Portraits in Crayon, India Ink 
and Oily Life Size, 

FROM OLD PICTURES OR FROM LIFE. 
O 



PHOTOGRAPHS IN EVERY STYLE. 

Pictures Taken in All Kinds of Weather, and Satisfaction Guaranteed. 



Dr. J. H. D. BowMAR. J. C. Bowmar. 

J. H. D. Bow^mar & Son, 

REAL ESTATE AGENTS, 

Vicksburg, Miss. 

Oldest established and widest known Agency in this 
Section of the State. Selling, renting and leasing City 
and County property. Attending to assessments and 
payment of taxes in this and other States a specialty. ■ 

Lists of desirable City and Plantation property, improved or 
unimproved. Timber lands, etc., etc. 

J. G. TICHENOR, 

Carriage Manufacturer 

and Repairer, 

— General — 

Agricultural Work, 

Is now prepared to execute all orders for work in his 
line with neatness and promptness. Carriage painting a 
specialty. 

China Street, near Walnut, Vicksburg. 



Lek RrcHARDSON, Sr., Pres. Chas. Benj. Wilkinson, Vice-Pres. 

P. M. Hakdinc, Cashier. 



D ELTA TR UST 



:AND:- 




KING GO., 



VICKSBURG, MISS. 

Organized Aug-. 1, 1889. 

Paid in Capital, - - - $200,000. 

BANKING IN ALL ITS BRANCHES. 



Special attention paid to collections or any business 
intrusted to our care. 



M. H. Ehrman a. a. Ehrman. J. Ehrmam. 

M. H. Ehrman & Bros, 

Western Cold Storage Co., 



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We handle all kinds of Kansas City meats 
transported here in Refrigerator Cars. We have 
also constantly on hand a large supply of home 
raised meats of all kinds. 



MEAT HOUSES: 



Cor. Washington & South Sts. No. 66 L.evee St. 
Jackson Road: Stalls No. 1, 2, 3 & 4 Market HousOo 

Highest market price paid for Cattle, Sheep and Hogs. 

VICKSBURG, MISS. 



SAM. RIES. 



LE(3P. RIES. 



RIES BROS., 




Wholesale and Retail Dealers in all kinds of 



FRESH MEATS, 

POULTRY and GAME. 



MEAT HOUSE, 



313 ch:iima sTiiKET, 



VICKSBURG, MISS. 



Stall No. 2, Market House. 



The Mary LeGrand Institute for Girls. 

VICKSBURG, MISS. 

This School was organized in the year 1884 by 
Mrs. C. Cohron, who is the present Principal. 

At the time of its organization, its location was 
715 Cherry Street. A rapidly increasing patronage 
forced the removal of the school to the commodious 
building on Crawford street, No. no. At the ex- 
piration of eighteen months a second removal was 
demanded by the steadily increasing number of 
pupils. This demand resulted in the purchase of 
a lot and a large two story house on the comer of 
Monroe Street and Shannon Alley. 

The State's charter was granted in the summer 
of 1889. Its patronage is drawn from the best 
families of the city and surroundmg country. 

The course of study prescribed by this school, 
together with the faithful instruction given by the 
teachers, places this institution in line with the 
best colleges of the South. 

The present faculty consists of 

Mrs. C. Cohron, Principal and teacher of Math- 
ematics and Music. 

L. B. Menger, A. B. Professor of Ancient and 
Modem Foreign Languages. 

Miss Alberta Cohron, Teacher of Literature and 

Art. 



Lake House. 



JOHN BARRY, Proprietor. 



OH - IC — 



This well-known road house is conveniently located for 

DRIVING AND FISHING PARTIES, 

ON East Side of National Cemetery Road, 
NEAR Lake Centennial. 

Steam Launches and Sail and Row Boats for hire. 

Poles, Seines, Hooks, Lines, and Bait always on hand. 

The Bar is Weil Supplied with Wines, Liquors, and Cig^ars. 

Prompt attention given to all orders. Telephone con- 
nection with the city. 

Address 

JOHN BARRY. 

VICKSBURG, MISS. 



ATTENTION ! 



Blue and Gray. 

RIGHT FACE ! FORWARD MARCH ! 

X SWIIZEB. NEWWinEB « CO. >k 

^VHERE YOU WILL FIND 
THE LARGEST AND MOST COMPLETE STOCK OF 

Dress Goods, Silks, [riininings, 

CLOTHING, BOOTS, SHOES, 



HOUSE FURNISHIlSraS 

IN THE CITY, AND AT THE LOWEST PRICES. 



We ask your " Inspection," feeling assured that our 
" Accoutrements" will merit your Patronage. 
Remember , "OUR AIM" is to PLEASE. 
SAMPLES SENT FREE. ORDERS FILLED PROMPTLY. 
Agent for Bntterick Patterns. 



SWITZER, NEWWITTER & CO., 

Ill N. Washington St., VICKSB URG, Miss. 



t 
1 



S. SCHWARZ & CO., 



WHOLESALE AND RETAIL 



GROCERS, COTTON FACTORS 
AND COMMISSION MERCHANTS. 



Principally Wholesale Dealers. 



Special attention given to COTTON. 
315 Washington St., 




MULLIGAN 

John J. Mulligan. 

This enterprising gentlemen besides being a first- 
class plumber in every particular, fills the following re- 
sponsible positions creditably to himself and satisfactorily 
to the citizens of Vicksburg, they having honored him 
with the same : 

Treasurer Vicksburgf Buildincr Association. 

Treasurer Vicksburg Fire Department. 

President Washington Fire Department. 

Captain, Catholic Knights St. John. 



Telephone orders promptly attended to. 



Vicksburg, Miss. 



Convenience and Utility Combined. 



Something Useful as well as New. 




The accompanying cuts 
illustrate, in sections, 
Pearce, Atkins 8c Co.'s 
Patent Driving Lines for 
single and double ha,rness, 
manufactured only by 
them out of cotton rope. 

These lines being made 
with snaps can be attached 
and detached more quickly 
than the regular buggy, 
cart or double check lines, 
for which they are a cheap 
strong and durable sub- 
stitute. 

The center adjustment 
of the check lines is an 
iron figure 8, as shown in 
the cut, which, presenting 
a smooth surface to the 
rope, renders the shifting 
of the checks an easy mat- 
ter, and prevents the fric- 
tion incident to the con- 
tinued use of a buckle in 
the same place. 

Another feature that should recommend these lines to general use, is that, 
they are stronger than the average leather lines, and when the immense 
difference in price is considered, they will, no doubt, be welcomed as an im- 
portant and a much-needed addition to the harness trade. 

Pearce, Atkins & Co., 

Cincinnati, Ohio. 





ESTABLISHED 1841). 

Excelsior Mamifacttiriiig Co., 

GIL,£S F. riL,I.KY, President. CHAS. F. FILLEY, Vice President. 

ROBJKKT C. FILIiEY, Treasurer. GEO. C. DANA, Secretary. 




Salesman— Yes, this Is the stove you inquired for. As you say, it does not look exactly 
like the one your mother recommended you to buy, and •which she thinljs bo much of, but it is a 
Charter Oak Rattge. We have t he Cook Stoves of the same make but tlie Ranges are used 
more generally now, as they are more convenient. How long has your mother haulier stove? 

Young IMaruied Lady— Oh ! ever so long. She bought it when I was a baby, and has been 
using it ever since, and she told me I must get the same kind. 

Salesman— Well, this is the same kind. That is, it is a Charter Oak, but you must remem- 
ber that twenty years is a long time, and improvements have been made since your mother got 
hers. This Range has the wonderful Wire dause Ot'cn jboor, which you have probably 
heard of. as it is known and sold everywhere in connection with our Stoves and Ranges. 

youNG Married Lady— Oh I I remember now. She spoke about that, but I can't understand 
why that should make it so much better than our old stove, as that was as good as it could be. 

Salesman — There is no doubt about its being much better; it is a wonderful improvement 
It bakes everything so much nicer, and the meats are not dried up like they are in the old 
fashioned tight ovens. Why, a steak can be broiled in that oven as perfectlv as over a charcoal 
flre, and the natural juices of the meat, which make it so appetizing, will all be retained It is 
just the same with roast meats. Of course it is needless for me to speak of its other good 
qualities, as your mother's advice has made that unnecessary. 

Young SIakried Lady— Well, of course, I will take it. Please have it put up as soou as 
you can, as we have no stove yet We are just commencing housekeeping, you kno\r. 



LEE KICHAKDSON & CO., 



Sole Agents, Ticksburg, Miss. 



Buffalo Scale Co., 

BUKKALO, N. Y. 



MANUFACTURERS OF 



Highest Grades Standard Scales. 

All Sizes and Styles. 



Wagon Scales. Cotton Scales. 

Railroad Track Scales. 

Dormant, Platform and Counter Scales. 



Adopted by the U. S. Government. 

Four Gold Medals Awarded at the World's Exposition 
New Orleans. 



liBB l|ichaPdson ft Co.^ Agents. 

Vicksbnrg, Miss. 




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THE WORLD WONDER 
DR. CON DORY'S 

AQUA TERRA! 

A SPEEDY AND SAFE HELP FOR 
SUFFERERS FROM 

YELLOW FEVER. 



Through long study, and by experiments covering a period of more than 
twenty-two years in European and American hospitals, and in districts where 
yellow fever is prevalent, I have succeeded in discovering a remedy whereby 
every patient taken with yellow fever can be immediately cured, and the in- 
crease of the bacteria and micrococcii not only stopped but destroyed. I have 
made my studies at my own expense, and have named my remedy Dr. Con- 
dory's Aqua Terra, and I have had the best success with it, and therefore am 
able to recommend it without hesitation as an infalUble cure for yellow fever. 
When it is considered how many lives are lost annually by the terrific scourge 
known as yellow fever, the high importance of my discovery will be appre- 
ciated. I am certain that I will receive much opposition, and that when I say 
that I am prepared to surely cure yellow fever there will be many doubters. 
To all such I can only say that my experience of twenty years has demon- 
strated that the workings of my medicine, which is taken inwardly, have been 
such that I can now safely claim what I do for it. I have come to the conclu- 
sion that the cellular texture forms the radical fundament of all living things 
— in plants and animals, as well as the human organism. The cellular texture 
is taken as a basis not only for the sound and healthy body, biit for the sick 
as well. This theory is the one taken by the celebrated naturalist. Dr. Vir- 
chow. This great man has established a new method of teaching, which he 
has termed cellular pathology. 

Different phases of illness of the cellular tissues have shown the correct- 
ness of his theory. This theory does not, however, sufficiently explain many 
processes of sicknes."», especially the causes of epidemics. On this account 
science has endeavoured, through the assistance of the most perfect micro- 
scopic instruments, to solve the problem, especially in the case of yellow 
fever, and it has been demonstrated that the origin of this disease is to be 
found in the fungus germs. The bact -ria go through a germinating process 
in the human body, increasing by degrees, creating irritation and disintegra- 
tion of the most delicate textures of the human orgamem. If these organized 



microscopic germs increase rapidly in sucli proportions that the body cannot 
control them, and if no counter poison is known which will destroy the work- 
ings of the fungi then death must follow. All fungi which are as yet known 
to be the disseminators of sickness belong to the Hpecies of schyzomicetii, and 
are called bacteria and micrococcii. Every breath we take, every drink of wa- 
ter and many articles of food and nourishment which we consume contain 
quantities of fungi. It is true that most of it is harmless, since only certain 
species of these lower order of creatures have the properties to increase in the 
human bodj', and through this to cause illness . My Aqua Terra is the only 
sure remedy against this form of sickness. The mixture has the extraordinary 
quality to instantly destroy all the bacteria and micrococcii, and restore the 
patient to his normal condition. The Aqua Terra is especially useful for 
ships, marine hospitals, and for armies. It has the propertj' of lasting for 
years if kept in well-corked vessels . 

Dr. V. CONDORY. 



The AQUA TERRA is sold in cases con- 
taining six bottles each, at $5 per 
case or single bottles $L 



ADDRESS ALL COMMUNICATIONS TO 

Dr. CONDORY'S 

Royal Chemical Co., 

WASHINGTON, D. C. 
DR. V. CONDORY, 

WASHINGTON, D. C. 

Dr. V. Condory graduated in Germany, Austria, and America, formerly 
assistant physician of Prof. Dr. Ricord, Paris. From 20 years' experience in 
German and Austrian hospitals and special practice, guarantees a permanent 
cure in all private diseases, both sexes, Skin, Blood Poison, Strictures, and all 
diseases of the urinary organs. Married or single men, troubled with organic 
or nervous weakness, (Loss of Sexual Powers), especially Sterility, disorder in 
the Bowels, etc.. Recent or Chronic Urethral' Diseases, positively cured in 5 
to 15 days, and the poison entirely eradicated from the system without the 
use of mercury or caustics, 826 Twelfth street, N. W. Office hours from 9 
a. m, to 12 m., and from 3 to 8 p, m. 



K. S. & F. BATBMAN, 

NEW JERSEY. 

Sole Manufacturers of the well-known 




** IICOIV ^^OE> " 



^}jr 



The Manufuctiuers of the " Iron Age," have this to say of it : about One 
Hundred Thousand have been scattered into nearly every portion of the Globe 
and not once has it refused to n)eet all requirements, or fail to show its 
superiority over all its competitors, and they firmly believe that not once has 
the purcliaser wished he had bought one of the " othei- feller. " It is at home 
ill the cotton lield, truck patch and oiange grove. Const lucted entirely of 
Steel, it is solid, simple, immensely strong and easily repaired. A mistake 
cannot be made when buying it in preference to any other implement of its 
kind, no matter what the comparative price. 

Send for Catalogue showing up the " Iron Age, " and other tools of equal 
merit, or apply to 

I^KE RICHARDSON & CO., 

VICKSBURG, MISS. 



I 



Eastal>lislied ISOr. 



THE BLOUNT PLOW HfORKS 

MAIN STREET, from lUinois to Franklin. 





HENRY F. BLOUNT, Evansville, Ind. 
LEE RICHARDSON & CO., Agents at Vieksburg, Miss. 




ESTABI^ISHEO 1825. KSTAOLISHED 1825 

DeCAMP, LEVOY H 60., 

Ol aud 93 MAIX ST., CINCINNATI, OHIO. 
NEAV STYLES 



ftOOLES,fJiNESS,QLURS, 



Somerset, Kil^jfour, McClelland, Morgran, Cow Boy, Race, 
Wagou, Spriii;^' Seat, Sitles, all kinds. Single Buggy, Track, 
Barouche, Coupe, Express Double Buggy, Barouche, 
Coach, Stage, Truck. Sheep Buggy, Kip Buggy, Patent 
Leather Buggy, Imitation Scotch, Stage, Case Concord, 
Spoouer, Half Sweeny Team, Half Sweeny Scotch. 

STRAP WORK OF ALL KINDS. 

CATALOGUES SENT ON APPLICATION. 



Ed. a. More. Hy. T. Jones 

More, JoneB & Co., 

]VIA.>JtJF"A.CTURERS OK 

Car & Engine Brasses, 

Babbitt Metals, Solder, Barlead, &c., 

Office and AVorks, 1604 to l(i08 N. i:ij;hth St. 



ll 



m, e. M'ltmi'mm & €^ci, 



MANUFACTURKRS OF 



Kircular, Band, Sang and &08s4ut Saws, 

INDIANAPOLIS, IND. 

Branch Houses: Memphis, Teiiii., Chattanooga, Tenn., 
and Minneapolis, Minn. 



EACH SAW 

Made from the 
Finest Selected 
Steel. Tempered 
by Natural Gas. 

Filers and Saw- 
yers, write for our 
New Hand Book, 
Saws and Saw 
Tools. Contains' 
full Instructions, 




WARRANTED. 

with Tllustra- 
tions, for Ham- 
mering', and the 
care of Saws. 

Best Methods 
Used and the Most 
Skillful W o r k - 
men Employed in 
t Ii e i r Manufac- 
ture. 



ATKINS' PATENT CONCAVE TOOTH DEXTER 

Dixie's Favorite. For the woods of the South it has no equal. 
The patent by which this Saw is protected consists of a depression of the face ol the 
cutting teeth through the center from point to base, thus removing all friction while 
in use, giving strength and stiffness to the teeth and increasing three-fold tl e dura- 
bility of tqe "set." WK CHALLENGE THE WORLD to produce a Saw 
equalling the ATKINS FAST CUTTING DEXTER. 




PATEXTCONCAVE'SIi^ajOOTN. DEXTER 
,, - -, ■ '■ ^'.::: IMDIANAROUS.IINDV-. -.{''ruinrU'tiXy 

1 silver Steel, Including: Handles, $1.00 per foot. 
PKICE:.{ 

( Special Steel, Without Handler, .75 per foot. 

For sale by the trade Ask your hardware dealer for the " Atkins Dexter"' 
and take no other. If the dealer will not order it for you, remit amount with 
order direct to us. 

Cylinder Saws Resteeled. 

And Warranted to Give Satisfaction, 

Our Branch Houses have a Repair Shop fitted up with the best apliances and tools and .skillful 

workmen. Repairs given prompt attention. Write for our hand-book. 

" SAWS AND SAW TOOLS. " 



GOODELL COMPAHY, 



MANUFACTURERS OF 



pME @LERY, 





'MtliiituiiJimuiiii iiiiiiliiiirilMiliiiiiiiiiiiiiiiliililiiiiiiliiiiiiliiii ii lli^ 



Consisting of Table Knives and Carvers, Butclier, 
Hunting and Shoe Knives, Bread, Butter, Cheese, 
Sticking, Skinning, Cigar, Putty, Apple and 
Kitchen Knives in great variety. 

ALSO 

Broad Cast Seed Sowers, llpple and Potato Parers, Ctierrf Stoners, etc. 

The White Mountain Hammock Chair, etc. etc. 



Correspondence Solicitedl. 



-^nSTTHeTls/C, nST- EC, 



The Oldest House. 



JOHN W. MA8URY & SON, 

Bennett Building, Fulton and Nassau Streets, New York. 
(P. o. Box S4.99.) 



-MANUFACTURERS OF FINEST- 



PAINTS & VARNISHES. 

SPECIALTIES: . 

House Paints and Varnish, 

Carriage Colors and Varnishes, 
Wood Stains, Decorators' Distemper Colors, 

Artists' Colors in Collapsible Tubes. 



C. C. REYNOLDS & CO., 

AGENTS AT VICKSBURG, MISS. 

NEW YORK. CHICAGO. 



Established 1793. Incorporated 1865. 

FLETCHER INUFACTURl COMPANY, 

MANUFACTURERS OF SMALL WARES. 

Boot Sbo68 and forsot Laces, 

Stove TATicks and Lamp lATicks 

Of all Sizes, in Rolls, or Cut into Standard Lengths. 



Torch Wicks and Fuse Wicks. Special Wicks to 
Order. Bone Casings, Star, Glace, Plain 
■ Braids, Bobbins, Etc. 



Yarns from No. 16 to 60, in Skeins, on Spools or 
Ring Tied. Harness and Seine Twines, Wrapping 
Twine. Braided and Twisted Spindle Banding. 



William B. Fletcher, - - President. 
William Ames, - Treasurer and Secretary. 

Factories, PROVIDENCE, R. I, 



WAREHOUSES 



fl8 and 20 Thomas St., N. Y, W^. B. Fletcher, Aeent. 
'\B3 Lincoln Street, Boston, S. G. Trlppe, AgenU 



Phillips & Buttorff Manyfacloring Go. 

Organized July, 1881. 

CAPITAL. $500,000, SURPLUS, $150,000. 

Officers : 

H. W. Buttorff, President, B. J. McCarthy, Superintendent, 

W. P. Phillies, Vice-President, Walker HorKiNS, Secretary 



Stoves, Hollowware, Mantels, Grates, 
Tinware and Household Goods. 



Salesrooms : 317 & 319 College Street, 

Foundry and Mantel Works : Cor. Clay St. and N. C. & St. 1,. K. R. 

Factory and Shipping Dep't : Cor. Front and Church Sts., 

Nashville, . . . Tenn. 



Annual productive capacity : Fifty Thousand Stoves, One and a 
Half Million Founds of Hollowware, and other goods in like pro- 
portion. Annual receipts and shipments of goods : About Two 
Thousand Car Loads. Annual Pay Roll : Nearly a Quarter of a 
^lillion Dollars. Number of persons sustained by employment with 
the Company : About Two Thousand. 

States and Territories covered by Company's Sales : 

Missouri, Kentucky, Tennessee, Virginia, West Virginia, North Carolina, 

South Carolina, Florida, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, 

Arkansas, Texas, California, New Mexico, Dakota, 

Washington, Utah, and Wyoming. 



ST. mm COIEBCUL COLLEGE 



(For Illustration See Pago 113.) 



This institution conducted by the Brothers of the Sacred 
Heart, was founded in the year 1879, by the late Rev. H. Ober- 
feld. Its corner stone was laid in the year 1878 by the lamented 
Rev. J. H. McManus. 

It was early chartered under the laws of the State of Miss- 
issippi, empowering it to grant diplomas and confer degrees. 

From its inception it has received a most liberal patronage 
from the citizens of Vicksburg and vicinity, irrespective of 
creed and denomination ; and on every side its system and work 
are spoken of in the most flattering terms of respect and esteem. 
Its effectiveness as an educational factor may best be judged by 
the large number of its graduates and pupils who are now occu- 
pying with distinction enviable positions in the mercantile world, 
and by the many abroad who with no less distinction are quali- 
fying themselves for the liberal j:)rofessious. 

The course of studies while essentially commercial is varied 
and extensive enough to fulfill the requirements of modern 
education. 

The number of its Professors and the wise provision of a 
Director of Studies have rendered possible the establishment of 
a.n almost perfect grading of pupils. 

The system of government though strict and uniformly re- 
quiring compliance with the established discipline, is mild and 
parental. Every means suggested by the enlightened experi- 
ence of modern methods of teaching is availed of to promote 
emulation among the pupils, to foster ambition in literary pur- 
suits, to nourish a desire for excellence, and to arouse the in- 
stinct of honor. 

A most satisfactory communication between parents and pro- 
fessors is provided for by means of Report Book which is marked 
up weekly informing parents of the conduct and progress of 
their sons. 

Tuition moderate, — no extras. 

B. CHARLES, 

Director. 



McLaughlin Brush Manufactory. 




(Factory, 290 Commercial Street.) 
MLURPHY, LEAVENS & CO., 

USH MANDFACTDRER 



3 

Nos. 38 Exchange & 13 Devonshire Sts. 

T. E. MURPHY. BOSTON. DAN'L DURGIN.. 



Manufacture Only First Class Goods at Lowest Prices, 

T^OT^ THE 

PAINT, DRUG, HARDWARE, HOUSEFURNISHING, 
SHOE AND GROCER'S TRADE. 



Send for Illustrated Catalogue and Price-List before buying — 
Special attention given to Brushes of any description for Manufac- 
turing purposes. 

NO BETTER BRUSHES MADE. 




The Jas. H. Hall Plow Co., 

IVIANUKACTURKRS OF 

HALL'S CELEBRATED 






STEEL PLOWS 



Cotton and Calhoun Plows, Lone Star and New 

Ground Plows, Hillside and Sulky Plows. 

Cotton Sweeps and Scrapers. 

BinglB and Dnuble Shnvel PIdwb. 

Double Mould-Board Plows, Etc. 

We use nothing but the finest grades of iron and steel. Our 
timber is of the best quality of White Oak, Split and Shaved. We 
USE NO Sawed Timber. Send for Illustrated Catalogue. 

The Jas. H. Hall Plow Co., 

MAYSVILLE. - - - KENTUCKY. 



GRAN IXK IRON WARE 

The Best Ware Made for Kitchen Use. 



Every Piece Bears 




This Trade Mark. 



MADE ONLY BY 

ST. LOUIS STAMPING CO. 



ST. LOUIS, 



SEW YOKK, 



CHICAGO, 



BOSTON. 



Sold by Hardw«,re and House Furnishing Dealers Everywhere. 




Perfumes Made from Flowers in the 

I^AND OF FI^O^^ERS. 



Sweet South. Picciola. Roussel Rose. Eden Bouquet. 

Frangipanni. Lysdes Incas. Imperial Pink. 

Luneas. Persian Heliotrope. 



If your druggist don't keep tliem send us 25 cents in stamps and we will send you prepaid 
samples of all above, with instructions " How to Test." Will convince you tliey are tbe 
most delicate and lasting perfumes made. 

DOUSSAX FRENCH PI:RFUMERY CO., 

40 Chartres Street, New Orleans, La. 



Dealers and Teachers write for enlarged and 
revised Price List of 

White China, 
Decorating, 

SHOWN BY 

Bawo & Dotter, 

30 & 32 BAECLAT ST., NEW YORK. 



THE LllRGEST LINE IN THE ONITED STATES. 

Including the well-known makes of 
M. REDON, POUYAT. 



The LARGEST ASSORTMENT, the FINEST 
CHINA and Special Prices to Dealers and 
Teachers who supply their pupils. 
Mention The Guide Book of Vicksbukq, 



JUates^t Improved 





Automatic, Self-Feeding, Wrought 
Iron, Tubular and Sectional. 



Tlie Best and most economical 
boiler now on the market. 

The Gorton side feeding' coal 
reservoirs are at an easy height lor 
supplying coal from the scuttle, so 
that even a child can feed them. 
Hundreds are in use giving' entire sat- 
isfaction. 

\Vf make a special form of boiler 
for burning bituminous coal, coke and 
natural gas. 

Has been throughly tested for 
many winters, and has given the best 
of satisfaction. 



THE GORTON BOILER. 



Send for Illiistratod Cata- 
logue giving full description 
and priees. 



-THK^ 



GnrfDn Sc LidgerwDDd Cd.^ 

96 LIBERTY ST., - NEW YORK CITY. 

\hi±fi: Cor. Dikcmaii and Ferris Streets, • SOUTH BIMMIKIYN. 



Branches:! 3 



5)7-a03 CONGRKSS STREET. IJOSTON, MASS. 
34 and 36 AVEST MONROE STREET, CHICAGO, ILLS. 



LandrethLs' Seeds. 



Our Seed House ami business of Seed Merchants is 
the oldest established iu the United States, having 
been founded in 1784. 

In the practical growing of seeds on our own farm 
w^e have ever been the largest producers in the country. 
We have the inherited experience of more than a cen- 
tury, which cannot fail to be valuable to our custom- 
ers and ourselves. 

Every operation, from the preparation of the 
ground, the sow^ing of the seed, the harvesting of the 
crop, and its cleaning and preparation for sale, and 
the final distribution to our customers, is under our 
eyes and personal inspection. 

It will thus be seen that w^e are prepared to fur- 
nish SEEDS WITH THE GREATEST ASSURANCE 
POSSIBLE OF THEIR SUPERIOR QUALITY. 

Our Illustrated and Descriptive Catalogue and 
Priced-List mailed to applicants. 

DAVID LANDRETH & SONS, 
21 and 23 South 6th St. Philadelphia. 




oited Cas ImoroveiDeot 



CONSTRUCTORS AND BUILDERS OF 

DREXEL BUILDING, 
PHILADELPHIA, PA. 



WILLIAM W. GIBBS, 

President. 
GEORGE PHILLER, 

Vice-President. 
RANDAL MORGAN, 

General Counsel. 



SAMUEL T. BO DINE, 

General Manager. 

EDWARD C. LEE, 

Secretary and Treasurer. 

ALEX. C. HUMPHREYS, 

General Superintendent. 



WALTON CLARK, Assistant General Superinte/ident. 



GAS STOVES. 

The Vicksburg Gas Light Co., operated by The 
United Gas Improvement Co., desire to call attention to 
the convenience, cleanliness, healthfulness, and economy 
of cooking- by gas fires, and invite an inspection of the 
gas stoves at their office. 



TWO THOUSAND STYLES AND SIZES1 




EXTRAC1' ¥ROM AN EDITORIAL BY MARION HARLAND. 
"Those who use Agate Iron "Ware need no recommendation of it. Eminent 
chemists ccrtil'y to its safety, durability, and cleanlines* of the materials 
employed lu its composition. The shapes are unusually graceful for household 
and kitchen utensils. It is easily kept clean ; is lij^lit, strong, and pleasing to the 
sight by contrast with the black Imn and dim or rusty Tins. After several years' 
trial and thorou(j:li satisfaction with this ware, editorial attestation to its «xceIIeiieo 
is an a<'t of simple justice to the nianul'actiircrs. It is given in hope that others 
may shaz-e the comfort and pleasure attendant upon its lose." 



SHQLTZ gGLTlNG CO- 



Manufacturers of 



Shultz Patent Fulled Leather 

B EIvOriNG 



" It belts the earth and makes the moon spin like atop." 



Our belting is tanned on the surfaces only. 

INTERIOR IS RAWHIDE. 

The Only Perfect Belt made. 

No slipping or lost motion. 

Also Rawhide Lace Leather. 



Send for our raJuahIc Jxtok. FREE. 
..^OEnSTTS I3ST ..^XjIj cities. 

ST. LOXJIS, • • ]>4issoiiri. 



John C. McCarty. Wm. H. Littell. T. P. Burke. 

Established 1858. 



J. c. Mccarty & co., 

97 Chambers and 81 Reade Sts., New York, 

Hardware Manufacturers, 

AND MANUFACTURERS' AGENTS. 



List of Agencies : 

AUBURN MANUFACTURING CO., Hoes, Forks, Rakes, Scythes, Etc. 

COES WRENCH CO., Genuine Knife Handle and Mechanics' Screw Wrenches. 
CHAMPLAIN FORGED HORSE NAILS. 

A. E. DIETZ, Fine Locks and Night Latches. 
H. P. NAIL CO., Wire Nails and Brads. 

BUFFALO FORGE CO., Forges, Blowers, Et«. 
ESSEX HORSE NAIL CO., Essex, Saranac, Lyra and Snowden Nails. 
HOOSIER HANDLE CO., Axe, Pick, Sledge and Hammer Handles. 
FISHER & NORRIS, Eagle Anvils and Chain Vises. 
SAMSON JACK, Carriage and Wagon Jacks. 
D. ROUND & SON, Coil and Cable Chain. 

POPE'S FARRIERS' KNIVES and BLADES. 
PENNSYLVANIA, CONTINENTAL, KEYSTONE and QUAKER CITY LAWN 

MOWERS. 
ENTERPRISE MF'G CO., of PennsyWania, Sad Irons, Coffee Mills, Choppers, Etc. 
NORTH INDIANAPOLIS CRADLE WORKS, Gram Cradles and Scythe Snaths. 
CINCINNATI BARBED WIRE FENCE CO., Barbed Wire, Staples, Etc. 
SANDUSKY TOOL CO., Planes, Plane Irons, Eye Hoes, Hand and Bench 

Screws, Etc. 
ANDERSON BOLT WORKS, Carriage and Machine Bolts, Coach and Lag Screws. 
WHITEHEAD BROS. RUBBER CO., Rubber Beltmg, Packing and Hose. 
WALL MF'G CO., Hand, House, Gong, Sleigh, Horse-Car and Cow Bells. 
PERKINS LOCK MF'G CO., Rim and Mortise Locks, Builders' Bronze Hardware. 
TOLEDO BLOCK WORKS, Rope and Iron Bound Tackle Blocks. 
TEN EYCK EDGE TOOL CO., Axes, Hatchets, Adze all kinds. 
ARCADE MANUFACTURING CO., Box and Side Coffee Mills. 





GOODWIN BROS., 



MANUFACTURERS OF 



\i While 5 C. C. Ware, 



East Liverpool, Ohio. 




^3^.. 




JAMES H. GOODWIN. 



GEO. S. GOODWIN. 



HENRY S. GOODWIN. 



^A/V;^ 




GOODWIN BROS 



East Liverpool, Ohio, 



MANUFACTURERS OF — 



Pearl White / C. C. Earthenware. 



All of the leading- jobbers of Queensware and Glassware 
in the South and West handle our celebrated 

"PEARL WHITE" and " C. C." WARE, 

which bears our trade mark with name in full as a guarantee 
of its quality. 

Natural Gas is used exclusively for fuel, enabling us to 
produce goods that are not excelled, either in Europe or 
America. 

We refer the trade to all reliable jobbers who carry our 
goods in stock, or will refer dealers to some jobber near them, 
who will take orders to be shipped from factory if sufficient 
quantity is ordered. 



The Lithgow 

Manufacturing m Company 



(a pitola Stoves 



AND RANGES 



Offices aud Foundries: MaiD Street, iaucoek to Slay. 



LOUISVILLE - KENTUCKY. 



J. S. LITHGOW, Pres. J. L. SMYSER, Vice-Pres. 

J. W. VAN CLEAVE, Sec'y. VINCENT COX, Treasukbsr. 

JOS. P. OUERBACKER, Superintendknt. 



A-UAcy^^. 




^^'^^'yy.. 




Are the best 

and best known v^atches in 

the world. 

FOR SALE BY ALL RELIABLE JEWELERS 

Manufactured and Warranted by the 

AMERICAN WALTHAM WATCH CO., 



OF "WALTHAM, MASS. 



H. W. (JARDES, President OEO. B. PENROSE, Secy. 

Of Uolloway & Gardes, Uardware House. II. S. L,i};ht House Department. 

THE BIEN AUTDMATIC FAN CD., 



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AGENTS WANTKD EVKRYWHRRE. 

Address, THE BIEX AUTOMATIC FAN & PATENT CO., 
loi Main Street, Vicksburg, MisS* 



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Lee Brothers & Company, 



IN 



Railroad, Mill and 
Engineers' Supplies; 
Oils and Naval Stores, 
Highest Fire Test 
Machine, Lubrica- 
ing and Cylinder Oils. 

Leather and Gum 
Belting, Manilla, Sis- 
al, Tarred and Wire 
Rope, Tackle Blocks, 
Rubber Hose and 
Packing, Gas Pipe, 
Steam Fittings, Pipe 
Tongs, Lubricators, 
Inspirators, and 
everything that a IJ\ 
Mill uses. 




Tents, Awnings, 
and Tarpaulins, 
^ Mule, Dray and Wag- 
on Covers, Highest 
Fire Test Illumina- 
ting Oils, Fine Lubri- 
cants and Greases. 

Steam Gauges, 
Water Gauges, Cot- 
ton Waste, Pitch, 
Pine Tar, Rosin, Coal 
Tar, Roofing Paper, 
Roofing Paints, Tar- 
red Paper, Mill 
Lamps, Paints, Var- 
nishes, Brushes, and 
everything that a 



Sj7 Mill uses. 

TVrANTJKACTTJRICRS OK 

Tents, Awnings and Tarpaulins, Mule, Dray and Wagon Covers. 




OFFICP AND STORE: 1. 

294 FRONT STREET. ( 



MEMPHIS, TEM. 



warehouses: 
Cor. sycamore and front STS. 



MATTHAI, INGRAM & CO., 

BALTIMORE, Md. 



Manufacturers of a large 

line of 
Stamped Tinware, 
Patent Pieced Ware, 
Japanned Tinware, 
Improved Keyless Fly Fan, 
Embossed Silver Finished 

Tinware, and 
Sheet Metal Specialties. 




We are the originators and 
Patentees of the Fire-Proof 
Bottom Pieced Ware, so 
favorably known in all sec- 
tions of the Country, and 
have the most improved 
machinery and best facilities 
in the world for producing 
this class of goods. 






OFFICE AND SALESROOMS: 120 HANOVER STREET. 




Factory Building : Bounded by Ohio Avenue, Light, Byrd and 

Winder Streets. 




Slaqdaril BelloWs 




These Bellows are for sale by the 
Leading Dealers in 

BLACKSMITHS' SUPPLIES. 



GEO. M. SCOTT, 



MANUFACTURER, 



JOHNSON & 22d STS. 



CHICAGO, JI.I.. 




The '' Banner " Planter. 



Manufactured by 



MisoR 4 Tebbehs Implement Co,, 

(Successors to Deere, Mansur & Co.), 
ST. LOXJIS, Mio. 




The "Sunset"" Middlebreaker. 



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(See Portrait, page 234) 

AGENT FOR VICKSBURG, YAZOO RIVER and TRIBUTARIES. 

Office at Vicksburg, Miss. 

Highest Market Price Paid for Cotton Seed. 



Manager Union Oil Company, 

(See Portrait page 225) 

COTTON SEED DEPARTMENT, 

liTeT^r Orleatns, Xjsl. 




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BAKER 

Chain and Wagon Iron MTg Co., 

ALLEGHENY, PA. 



Singletrees and Doubletrees in all sizes, Ironed with BAKER 
Clips. See that the clips have BAKER on them. 



ke M&, kg I!liaiii:,Luber U,aB[l Filling Grans Ghaiiis, 

COIL CHAIN. 



SOUTHERN PLOW, or LOUISVILLE STEEL CLEV- 
ISES, MEIKLE, or HEART SHAPE CLEVISES, 
BULL LONG CLEVISES. 



Repair Links, Lap Links, Lap Rings, &c. 

The Baker Oval Lap Rings are the cheapest. The Baker 

Lap Links are the only ones which have the laps 

so small as to fit into chain &c. 



SPECIAL FORGINGS. 

We are the best equipped concern in the world for SPECIAL 
FORGING, BENDING, PUNCHING, PRESSING, &c., in 
IRON and STEEL. Send specifications for prices on these 
and all other goods. Respectfully, 

BAKER CHAIN & WAGON IRON M'F'G CO. 



The Oliver Chilled Plow Works 

Continue to furnish the Best Plows and the Largest assortment known 

to the trade. 




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NEW YORK BELTING ScPACKING CO. 



JOHN B. CHEEVER, Treasurer. 

1 5 I=*a,r3^ IBotxt, I^Tot^t "SToxIt- 

OLDEST AND LARGEST MANUFACTURERS IN THE U. S. OF 

Vulcanized Rubbei Fabfics Fof Mecbaoical Pufposes. 

Rubber Belting, Packing and Hose, 
SOLID YDLGANITE 

Run Easy and Safe, 

Cool and True. liiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii«iiiiii«BBim-i 

Rubber Fruit Jar-Rings. 





Rubber Mats, Matting and Btair-Treade, 



FOR 

Halls, Floors, 

STONE AND IRON 

Stairways, &c. 




RUBBER GOODS 

FOR 

AGRICULTURAL 
IMPLEMENTS. 



SALEROOMS:— VICKSBURG, Lee Richardson & Co., 
NEW ORLEANS, 8 to 12 North Peters St., RICHMOND, 
1206 E. Main St., ATLANTA, 16 Decatnr St., CHARLES- 
TON, 160 Meeting St., CINCINNATI, 161 W. Pearl St. 



HENRY DISSTON & SONS., 

(INCORPORATED) 

Keystone Saw, Tool, Steel and File Works. 
PHILADELPHIA. PA. 





,^, 




Disston*s Celebrated Patent Inserted Chisel Tooth Cir- 
cular Saws. 

(FOUR SIZES OF TEETH,) 

Disston's Saws are used whereever lumber is made, and are the 
Standard by which all others are judged. Every saw warranted. Th© 
" Lumberman's Hand Book, " mailed free on application. 



COLLINS & CO., 



-HARTFORD.- 



:L/£.A.iTTJr'-A.OTTT^^E!I^S OT^ 



COLLINSSc CO. 
HARTFORD 



AXES, 




PLANTATION TOOLS, 

Steel Plows, Cast in Shape, 

Parties desiring Goods of Extra Quality i»^ill order 
the COLLINS STAMP. 

Catalogrues sent on Application. 



-ADDRESS: 



COLLINS & CO., 



212 WATER ST., 



NEW YORK. 



STANDARD HANUFACIURING CO., 

|FOD FoDnders aod Enamelers. 






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Plumbing Goods and Hollow Ware, 

Enameled Iron Bath Tubs a speeialtji. 

City Office and Salesrooms : j Works: 

531 and 533 Wood Street, | 286 to 31 1 River Avenue, 
PITTSBURG, PA. \ ALLEGHENY, PA. 




The Gem Ice [[earn Freezer 

IS DESIGNED 

Especially For Family Use 

to make best Ice Cream, etc., in 
least time, at smallest cost. 

Descriptive catalogue con- 
taining receipes for fifty Ice 
Creams, Water Ices, Frozen 
Fruits, Desserts, etc., with 
full directions for making, 
mailed free on application, by 
the Manufacturers. 







The ^m Ice Sream Freezer and Psfection Meat Sutter 

ARE BOTH USED AND RECOMMENDED BY 

MRS. S. T. RORER, Principal Philadelphia Cooking School. 

Editor of " Table Talk." Author of "Mrs. Rorer's Cook Book." Good Ways in 

Cooking," Etc. 



THE PERFECTION MEAT CUTTER 

is the latest, best and most satisfactory 
for family use. 

Descriptive catalogues, containing 
sixty Receipes for Plain and Fancy 
Disshes, by Mrs. S. T. Rorer, that can be 
prepared with this Cutter, mailed free 
on application. 

American Machine Co., 

MANUFACTURERS OF 

I Hardware Specialties for Houseiioid Uses, 

American Street and Lehigh Avenue, 
PHILADELPHIA, PA. 




Catalogues Mailed Free on Application* 




B.F. AVERY & SONS, 




"hB;^ 



■"JtJjJSP^ manufacturers of 

PLOWS, CULTIVATING IMPLEMENTS, Etc., Etc. 



LOUISVILLE, KBN.TUCKY. 




OUR FACTORY IN 1890. 



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StanSaroKeao 



PtATENXTbS 



LiDHT DRXlXyHEAD 



HflspLE iionsE nniL coinrmiY 



MANUFACTURERS OP 



Hot Forged and Cold Hammer Pointed 

HORSE SHOE NAILS 



Imitating the old-fashioned hand process. 



We use the HIGHEST GRADE OF SWEDES IRON, made especially for us. Quality 
fblly guaranteed. The best Shoers acknowledge them to be 

THE SAFEST AND EASIEST NAIL TO DRIVE. 

They will neither Split, Sliver, Bend of Break. 

At the Paris Exposition they received the premium over all competitors. Price* aad Samples sent od sppllcatloa. 



CLINTON HORSE SHOE NAILS. 

THE STANDARD AND ONLY RELIABLE LOW-PRICED NAILS. 
• 7 a o lo 

MADE FROM HA fill ilA fiji fiS AUSABLE and CLINTON 



SWEDES IRON, 

WARRANTED 

Equal to any cheap 

HORSE NAILS 

IN MARKBT. 




Horse Shoe Nails lor sale by 
all Leading Houses. Samples 
sent free by mail 

ABRAHAM BOSSING. 

PntUtttU 

4 Warren Street, 

New York, 




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New Orleans &Iexas 



-ii R A I LWAVIC— 



THE POPULAR LINE 



-s BETW/EEirsj 



Memphis • VTcksburg 
^*'New Orleans, 

TRAVERSING A MAGNIFICENT AND EVEN 
PICTURESQUE COUNTRY. 



The Rice and Sugar Plantations and great, 
massive Sugar Houses and Refineries 
south of Baton Rouge are especially inter- 
esting and never fail to please the observant 
passenger. 



1'letween Memphis and Vicksburg the line 
passes through some of the 'inest Cot- 
ton Plantations in the Yazoo - Mississippi 
Delta, the most fertile agricultural section 
of country on earth. 



MAGNIFICENT PULLMAN BUFFET SLEEPING CARS 

Run between Louisville and New Orleans, via Memphis, Without Change. 

Passengers Should Purchase Tickets via this Line 

It Is Emphatically the Most Attractive Route in the South To-Day. 



P. R, ROGERS. Ass't Gen'l Pass'r Agent. E. W. HOW, Gen'l Passenger Agent. 

J M. EDWARDS, Vice-President and General Manager, Memphis, Tern. 



lbAQ?9 



I 



